Zimmerman, Cullen Caswell, The Indian Army, 1917-1941; a study in the control of a native army, thesis Duke University, 1968

“This study traces the weaknesses of the Indian Army and its failure in Malaya and Singapore in 194l to the techniques of control developed by the British in India to insure loyalty and political reliability. The study classifies these controls into three categories: personnel, organizational and financial, and analyzes their impact chronologically within the second half of the First World War. The analysis continues with the post-war reorganization of the army, set against a background of internal unrest and the necessity of reducing costs. The period between the two wars is covered in terms of two important issues: Indianization and modernization. The analysis concludes with the details of the early expansion of the army in 1939 and 1940 and how it failed to meet the military needs at Singapore.” From the abstract.