Ver. 9.0

July 13, 2009

Words Significantly Different in Pronunciation in Pre-Exilic Hebrew[1]

By David Steinberg

David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca

Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/

Return to Table of Contents

See also http://www.houseofdavid.ca/problem5.pdf

1. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Two Consonants

2. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Masc. Sing Having One Vowel in Pre-exilic Hebrew

3. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Two Short Vowels in Pre-Exilic Hebrew

4. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Short First Long Second Vowel

5. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Long First Short Second Vowel

6. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Two Long Vowels

7. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants the Second of which is Geminated having (in masc. sing.)Two Short Vowels

8. Prepositions, Negatives, Adverbs, etc.

1. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Two Consonants

(forms with long (doubled) second consonant see )

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation Nb. form in [square brackets] is a reconstructed pronunciation of the preceding /phonemic/ form	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qal	qal (Tiberian קָל)	אָב	/ˈʾabu/ > /ˈʾab/	father
		אָח	/ˈʾaḫ/	brother
		דָּג	/ˈdag/	fish
		דָּם	/ˈdam/	blood
		וָו	/ˈwaw/	hook
		יָד	/ˈyad/	hand
		ֺשָד	/ˈšad/	female breast
		חָם	/ˈḥam/	husband's father
		תָּו	/ˈtaw/	mark
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qala	(feminine)	אָמָה	/ʾaˈmatu/ >> /ʾaˈmā/	female servant, slave-wife
		שָֺפָה	/śaˈpā/	lip, language
		ֺשָנָה	/šaˈnā/	year
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms#qil	qil (Tiberian קֵל)	אֶל	/ʾilu/ > /ˈʾil/ [ʾil] ^+or [ʾẹl] ^-	god of
		בֶּן בִּן	/bin/ [bin]^+or [bẹn] ^-	son of
		בַּת (f.)	/ˈbint/ > /ˈbitt/ > /ˈbat/	daughter
		לֵץ	/ˈliṣ/ [ʾliṣ]^+or [ʾlẹṣ]^-	mocker
		עֵד	/ˈ^cid/ [ˈ^cid]^+or [ˈ^cẹd]^-	witness
		עֵץ	/ˈ^ciṣ/ [ʾ^ciṣ]^+or [ʾ^cẹṣ]^-	tree
		רֵעַ	/ˈri^c/ [ʾri^c]^+or [ʾrẹ^c]^-	companion
		ֺשֵם	/ˈšim/ [ʾšim]^+or [ʾšẹm]^-	name
		ֺשֵת	/ˈšit/ [ʾšit]^+or [ʾšẹt]^-	base, foundation
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qila	(feminine)	גֶּשֶׁת	/ˈgišatu/ > /ˈgištu/ > /ˈgišt/ [ˈgišt] or [ˈgišәt]	approaching (inf. cstr. qal of נגשׁ)
		דֵּעָה	/diˈ^catu/ > > /diˈ^cā/ [diˈ^cā]^+or [dẹˈ^cā]^-	knowledge (qal verbal noun ידע)
		דַּעַת	/ˈdi^catu/ > /ˈdi^ctu/ > /ˈdi^ct/ [ˈdi\ẹ^ct] or [ˈdi\ẹ^cәt]	knowledge (inf. cstr. qal of ידע)
		זֵעָה	/ziˈ^ca/ [ziˈ^ca]^+or [zẹˈ^ca]^-	sweat (qal verbal noun יזע)
		חֵמָה	/ḥiˈmā/ [ḥiˈmā] ^+or [ḥẹˈmā]^-	heat, anger
		טַעַת	/ˈṭa^ct/ [ˈṭa^ct] or [ˈṭa^cәt]	planting (inf. cstr. qal of נטע )
		לֵדָה	/ˈlidatu/ > /liˈdatu/ > /liˈdā/ [liˈdā]^+or [lẹˈdā]^-	giving birth (qal verbal noun ילד)
		לֶדֶת	/ˈlidatu/ >/ˈlidtu/ > /ˈlidt/ [ˈlidt] or [ˈlidәt]	giving birth (inf. cstr. qal of ילד)
		לֶכֶת	/ˈlikt/ [ˈlikt] or [ˈlikәt]	going (inf. cstr. qal of הלך)
		מֵאָה	/miˈʾā/ [miˈʾā]^+or [mẹˈʾā]^-	hundred
		סַעַת	/ˈsa^ct/ [ˈsa^ct] or [ˈsa^cәt]	breaking camp, travelling (inf. cstr. qal of נסע)
		עֵדָה	/^ciˈdā/ [^ciˈdā]^+or [^ceˈdā]^-	community
		עֵצָה	/^ciˈṣā/ [^ciˈṣā] ^+or [^cẹˈṣā]^-	plan
		פֵּאָה	/piˈʾā/ [piˈʾā]^+or [pẹˈʾā]^-	edge
		צֵאת	/ˈṣiʾt/ (BH?) > /ˈṣīt/ (BH?)	going out (inf. cstr. qal of יצא)
		קֶֺשֶת	/ˈqišt/ [ˈqišt] or [ˈqišәt]	bow
		רֶדֶת	/ˈridt/ [ˈridt] or [ˈridәt]	going down (inf. cstr. qal of ירד)
		שֶׁבֶת	/ˈšibt/ [ˈšibt] or [ˈšibәt]	sitting (inf. cstr. qal of ישׁב)
		שֵׁנׇה	/šiˈnā/ [šiˈnā]^+or [šẹˈnā]^-	sleep (qal verbal noun ישׁן)
		תֵּבָה	/tiˈbā/ [tiˈbā] ^+or [tẹˈbā]^-	ark
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qul	qul	תּוֺר	/ˈtur/ [ˈtur] ^+or [ˈtor]^-	dove
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qall	qall (list)	חַי	/ˈḥayy/	alive
	(feminine)	חַיָּה	/ḥayˈyā/	wild animal
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qill	qill (list)	אֵם	/ˈ‘imm/ [ˈ‘im] ^+or [ˈ‘ẹm]^-	mother
	(feminine)	פִּנָּה	/pinˈnā/	corner
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms forms.htm#qull	qull (list)	חֹק	/ˈḥuqq/ [ˈḥuq] ^+or [ˈḥoq]^-	law
	(feminine)	חֻקָּה	/ḥuqˈqā/	law, decree

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

2. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)

One Vowel in Pre-exilic Hebrew

http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#tab2_3let

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew (BH) Pronunciation Nb. form in [square brackets] is a reconstructed pronunciation of the preceding /phonemic/ form	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatl	qatl	מֶלֶךְ ([ˈmęlęk])	/ˈmalku/ > /ˈmalk/ [ˈmalk] or [ˈmalәk]	king
	ע״ן	בַּת ([ˈbat])	/*ˈbint/ > */ˈbitt/ (shift */ˈbitt/ > /ˈbatt/ due to Philippi's law)	daughter
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#ayin_gutteral	ayin-gutteral roots	לַהַב ([ˈlahab])	/ˈlahbu/ > /ˈlahb/ [ˈlahb] or [ˈlahәb]	flame
		לֶחֶם ([ˈlęḥęm])	/ˈlaḥm/ [ˈlaḥm] or [ˈlaḥәm]	bread
		נַחַל	/ˈnaḫl/ [ˈnaḫl] or [ˈnaḫәl]	wadi
		נַעַל	/ˈna^cl/ [ˈna^cl] or [ˈna^cәl]	shoe
		נַעַר	/ˈna^cr/ [ˈna^cr] or [ˈna^cәr]	youth (noun)
		פַּחַד	/ˈpaḫd/ [ˈpaḫd] or [ˈpaḫәd]	trembling
		רֶחֶם	/ˈraḥm/ [ˈraḥm] or [ˈraḥәm]	womb
		ֺשַעַר	/ˈθaġru/ >/ˈšaġr/ [ˈšaġr] or [ˈšaġәr]	gate
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#l_aleph	ל״א roots	גֶּבֶא ([gębę])	/ˈgabʾ/ [ˈgabʾ] or [ˈgabәʾ]	pond
		טֶנֶא	ˈṭanʾ [ˈṭanʾ] or [ˈṭanәʾ] or [ˈṭęnęː]	vase
		פֶּרֶא	/ˈparʾ/ [ˈparʾ] or [ˈparәʾ] or [ˈpęręː]	wild ass
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#l_y	ל״י roots[2]	גְּדִי ([gәˈdi])	/ˈgadyu/ > /ˈgady/ (BH?) > /ˈgadī/ (BH?)	kid
		כְּלִי ([kәˈli]) or כֶּלִי ([ˈkęli])	/ˈkalyu/ > /ˈkaly/ (BH?) > /ˈkalī/ (BH?)	tool, vessel
		פֶּתִי	/ˈpatyu/ > /ˈpaty/ (BH?) > /ˈpatī/ (BH?)	naïve young man
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#ayin_waw	ע״ו roots (consonantal ו )	אָוֶן (construct אוֺן)	/ˈʾawn/ [ˈʾawn] (construct [ʾåwn]) (Jerusalem) [ˈʾōn] (abs. and constr.) (Samaria)	wickedness
		מָוֶת (construct מָוֺת)	/ˈmawt/ [ˈmawt] (construct [måwt]) (Jerusalem) [ˈmōt] (abs. and constr.) (Samaria)	death
		עָוֶל	/ˈ^cawl/ [ˈ^cawl] (construct [^cåwl] (Jerusalem) [ˈ^cōl] (Samaria)	injustice
	(feminine)	עַוְלָה	/^cawˈlā/	injustice
		תָּוֶךְ	/ˈtawk/ [ˈtawk] (construct [ˈtåwk]) (Jerusalem) [ˈtōk] (Samaria)	midst
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#ayin_yod	ע״י roots (consonantal י)	בַּיִת (construct בֵּית)	/ˈbayt/ [ˈbayt] (construct [beyt]) (Jerusalem) [ˈbệt] (abs. and constr.) (Samaria)	house
		זַיִת (construct זֵית)	/ˈzayt/ [ˈzayt] (construct [zeyt) (Jerusalem) [ˈzệt] (abs. and constr.) (Samaria)
		צַיָד (construct צֵיד)	/ˈṣayd/ [ˈṣayd] (construct ṣeyd]) (Jerusalem) [ˈṣệd] (abs. and constr.) (Samaria)
	(feminine)	צֵידָה	/ṣayˈdā/ [ṣeyˈdā] (Jerusalem) [ṣệˈdā] (Samaria)
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitl	qitl	סֵתֶר ([ˈsẹtęr])	/ˈsitru/ > /ˈsitr/ [ˈsitr] or [ˈsitәr]	secret
	(feminine)	סִתְרָה	/sitˈrā/	protection
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitl_lh	ל״י roots	חֲצִי ([ḥăˈṣi]) (pausal חֵצִי [ˈḥẹṣi])	/ˈḫiṣyu/ > /ˈḫiṣy/ (BH?) > /ˈḫiṣī/ (BH?)	half
		פְּרִי (pausal פֶּרִי)	/ˈpiryu/ > /ˈpiry/ (BH?) > /ˈpirī/ (BH?)	fruit
		צְבִי (pausal צֶבִי)	/ˈṣibyu/ > /ˈṣiby/ (BH?) > /ˈṣibī/ (BH?)	ornament, splendor
		צְבִי	/ˈẓabyu/ > /ˈṣaby/ (BH?) > /ˈṣabī/ (BH?)	gazelle
		ֺשְבִי (pausal ֺשֶבִי )	/ˈšibyu/ > /ˈšiby/ (BH?) > /ˈšibī/ (BH?)	captivity
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutl	qutl	בְּאֹש	/ˈbuʾš/ (BH?) > /ˈbōš/ (BH?)	stench
		גּׂדֶל ([ˈgodęl])	/ˈgudlu/ > /ˈgudl/ [ˈgudl] or [ˈgodәl]	greatness
		חֹרֶב ([ˈḥoręb])	/ˈḫurb/ [ˈḫurb] or [ˈḫorәb] (contrast to /ˈḥarb/ ="sword")	devastation
	(feminine)	חָרְבָּה ([ḥårˈbå])	/ḫurˈbā/ [ḫurˈbā] or [ḫorˈbā]	site of ruins
		עָרְלָה ([^cårˈlå])	/ġurˈlā/ [ġurˈlā]^-or [ġorˈlā]^+	foreskin
		תֹּאַר ([ˈtåʾar])	/ˈtuʾr/ (BH?) > /ˈtūr/ (BH?)	form
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutl_ly	ל״י roots	אֳנִי ([ʾŏˈni])	/ˈʾuny/ (BH?) > /ˈʾunῑ/ (BH?)	fleet
	(feminine)	אֳנִיָּה	/ʾuniˈyā/	ship
		חֳלִי ([ḥǫˈli]) (pausal חֹלִי [ˈḥoli])	/ˈḥulyu/ > /ˈḥuly/ (BH?) > /ˈḥulī/ (BH?)	illness
		יֳפִי* (pausal ֺ יֹפִי)	/ˈyupy/ (BH?) > /ˈyupῑ/ (BH?)	beauty
		עֳנִי ([ʾŏˈni]) (pausal ֺ עֹנִי)	/ˈ^cuny/ (BH?) > /ˈ^cunῑ/ (BH?)	affliction
		רֳאִי	/ˈruʾy/ (BH?) > /ˈrūy/ (BH?)	sight, appearance
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitl_to_qtal	*qitl > qtal	דְּבַׁש	/ˈdibš/ [ˈdibš] or [ˈdibәš]	honey
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatl_to_qtal	*qatl > qtal	סְבַךְ*	/ˈsabk/	thicket
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatal_to_qtal	*qatal > qtal	אֲגַם (plural אֲגַמִּים)	/ʾaˈgam/	marsh
		הֲדַס (feminine הֲדַסָּה)	/haˈdas/	myrtle
		זְמַן*	/zaˈman/ or /ziˈman/	time, season
		חֲֺשַֺש	/ḥaˈšaš/	chaff
		חֲתַת	/ḥaˈtat/	terror
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitaal_to_qtal	*qitāl > qtal	סְתָו[3]	/siˈtāw/	winter
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#ber	*qiʾl > * qệl > qʾệl Nb. forms such as בְּאֵר [bәˈʾệr] are unlikely to have reflected the reality of BH pronunciation. rather, they should be seen as hypercorrections (also termed pseudo-corrections)[4]	בְּאֵר [bәʾệr]	/ˈbiʾr/ (BH?) > /ˈbēr/ (BH?) (plural /biʾaˈrōt/[5])	well
		זְאֵב	/ˈziʾb/ (BH?) > /ˈzēb/ (BH?) (plural /ziʾaˈbīm/)	wolf
		כְּאֵב	/ˈkiʾb/ (BH?) > /ˈkēb/ (BH?)	pain
		כְּלִמָּה	/kaliˈmā/	embarrassment
		פְּאֵר	/ˈpiʾr/ (BH?) > /ˈpēr/ (BH?) (plural /piʾaˈrīm/)	glory
		קְהִלָּה	/qahiˈlā/	assembly
		רְאֵם	/ˈriʾm/ (BH?) > /ˈrēm/ (BH?) (plural /riʾaˈmīm/)	auroch
		ֺשְאֵר	/ˈšiʾr/ (BH?) > /ˈšēr/ (BH?)	flesh
		שְׁאֵלָה	/šiʾˈlā/ (BH?) > /šīˈlā/ (BH?)	question (noun)
		ֺשְמִטָּה	/šamiˈṭā/	release
		תְּאֵנָה	/tiʾˈnā/ (BH?) > /tīnā/ (BH?) (plural /tiʾaˈnīm/)	fig

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

* this development could have been post-exilic

3. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)

Two Short Vowels in Pre-Exilic Hebrew

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatal	qatal (Tiberian קָטָל)	אָדָם	/ʾaˈdam/	man
		אֶחַד	/ʾaˈḥad/	one (masc.)
		אַחַת	/ʾaˈḥadt/ > /ʾaˈḥatt/	one (fem.)
		בָּשָׂר	/baˈśar/	flesh
		גָּמָל	/gaˈmal/ (pl. /gamaˈlῑm/ )	camel
		דָּבָר	/daˈbar/	word
		דָּגָן	/daˈgan/	grain
		חָדָשׁ	/ḥaˈdaš/	new (m. s.)
		חָכָם	/ḥaˈkam/	wise
		חָלָב	/ḥaˈlab/	milk
		כָּזָב	/kaˈzab/	false thing
		לָבָן	/laˈban/	white
		נְבָלָה	/nabaˈlā/	folly
		נְמָלָה	/namaˈlā/	ant
		נְקָמָה	/naqaˈmā/	revenge
		קָטָן (fem. קְטַנָּה)	/qaˈṭan/ (fem. /qaṭaˈnā/)	small
		צָבָא	/ˈṣabaʾu/ > /ṣaˈbaʾu/ > /ṣaˈbaʾ/ (BH?) > /ṣaˈbā/ (BH?)	army
		צְדָקָה (pl constr. צִדְקוֹת)	/ṣadaˈqā/ (pl constr. /ṣadaˈqōt/)	righteousness
		צָמָא	ṣaˈmaʾ(BH?) > ṣaˈmā (BH?)	thirst
		קְלָלָה (constr. קִלְלַת)	/qalaˈlā/ (constr. /qalaˈlat/)	curse
		רָעָב	/raˈģab/	hunger
		שָֹבָע	/śaˈba^c/	satiation
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatil	qatil (Tiberian קָטֵל)	אָמֵן	/ʾaˈmin/	surely, amen
		אֱמֶת	/ʾaˈmint/ > /ʾaˈmitt/	truth
		בְּהֵמָה	bahiˈmā	beast
		בְּרֵכָה	bariˈkā	pool
		זָקֵן	zaˈkin	elder
		יָרֵךְ	yaˈrik	thigh
		כָּתֵף	kaˈtip	shoulder
		לְבֵנָה	labiˈnā	brick
		ֺשְאֵלָה	šaʾiˈlā	question
		ֺשָכֵן	šaˈkin	neighbor
		ֺשָלֵם	šaˈlim	mark, name of letter
		שְֺמִטָּה	šamiˈṭā	year of release
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#gadol	qatul (Tiberian קָטֹל) - this shifted later pre-exilic or early post-exilic qatul > qatol which centuries later qatol > qatōl	אֲחֻזָּה	ʾaḫuˈzā	holding e.g. land holding
		גָּבֺהַּ	gaˈbuh	high
		גָּדוֹל	gaˈdul	big
		חֲנֻכָּה	ḥanuˈkā	dedication
		טָהוֹר	ṭaˈhur	ritually clean
		עָגוֹל	^caˈgul	round
		קָדוֹשׁ	qaˈduš	holy
		קְטֺרֶת	qaˈṭurt	incense
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qital	qital (Tiberian קֵטָל)	לֵבָב	liˈbab	heart
		נֵכָר	niˈkar	foreigner
		עֵנָב	ġiˈnab	grape
		צֵלָע	ṣiˈla^c	rib
		ֺשֵכָר	šiˈkar	strong drink – beer?
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutal	qutal (Tiberian קֻטָּל)	ֺשוּעָל	šuˈ^cal	fox
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutul	qutul (Tiberian קְטֺל)	בְּכֹר	buˈkur	first-born son
		כֻּתֺּנֶת	kuˈtunt	a garment
		לְאֹם (pl. לְאֻמִּים)	luʾum	nation
		נְחֺשֶת	nuˈḥušt (possibly naˈḥušt)[6]	copper, bronze
		נְעֺרֶת	nuˈ^curt	tow
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutula	(feminine)	סְגֻלָּה	suguˈlā	personal property
		סְדֺם	suˈdum	Sodom
		קְטֹרֶת	/quˈṭurt/	incense, smoke
		ֺשִבֺּלֶת	/šuˈbult/	ear of grain

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

4. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)

Short First Long Second Vowel

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qataal	qatāl (Tiberian קָטוֹל)	אָתוֹן	/ʾaˈtōn/	she-ass
		גָּרוֹן	/gaˈrōn/	throat
		כָּבוֹד	/kaˈbōd/	honor
		לָשׁוֹן	/laˈšōn/	tongue
		עָרוֹד	/^caˈrōd/	wild ass
		ֹשָלוֹם	/šaˈlōm/	peace
		ֹשָלוֹשׁ	/šaˈlōš/	three
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatiil	qatῑl (Tiberian קׇטִיל)	חָסִיד	/ḥaˈsῑd/	faithful
		יָמִין	/yaˈmῑn/	right
		לָבִיא	/laˈbῑʾ/(BH?) > /laˈbῑ/ (BH?)	lion
		מָֺשִיחַ	/maˈšῑḥ/	anointed
		נָבִיא	/naˈbῑʾ/ (BH?) > /naˈbῑ/ (BH?)	prophet
	(feminine)	סְלִיחָה	/salῑˈḫā/	forgiveness
		צָעִיר	/ṣaˈġῑr/	young, small
		קָצִיר	/qaˈṣῑr/	harvest crops
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatiil_2_qtiil	qatῑl (Tiberian קְטִיל)[7]	אֱוִיל	/ʾaˈwῑl/	insane
		אֱלִיל	/ʾaˈlῑl/	insignificant
		בְּדִיל	/baˈdῑl/	tin (metal)
		בְּריחַ	/baˈrῑḥ/	bolt, bar
		גְּבִיר (fem. גְּבִירָה or גְּבֶרֶת)	/gaˈbῑr/ / (ga.bῑˈrā/ or /gaˈbῑrt/)	lord/lady (or queen mother)
		דְּבִיר	/daˈbῑr/	Holy-of-holies
		כְּסִיל	/kaˈsῑl/	fool, crazy
		כְּפִיר	/kaˈfῑr/	half-grown lion
		מְחִיר	/maˈḫῑr/	bride-price
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qatuul	qatūl (Tiberian קׇטוּל)	בְּתוּלָה	/batūˈlā/	virgin
		גְּבוּרָה	/gabūˈrā/	strength
		עָצוּם	/^caˈṣūm/	strong
		ֺשְמוּעָה	/šamūˈ^cā/	report
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitaal	qitāl (Tiberian קְטוֹל)	אֱלוֹהַּ	/ʾiˈlōh/	god
		חֲגוֹר (fem. חֲגוֹרָה)	/ḥiˈgōr/	belt
		חֲמוֹר	/ḥiˈmōr/	donkey
		זְרוֹעַ	/ziˈrō^c/	arm
		צְרוֹר	/ṣiˈrōr/	bag
		שְֺרוֹךְ	/śiˈrōk/	sandal lace
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutaal	qutāl (Tiberian קְטוֹל)	אֱנוֹש	/ʾuˈnōš/	man
		בְּלוֹי (plural בְּלוֹיִים)	/bulōˈyῑm/	rags
		בְּרוֹשׁ	/buˈrāšu/ > /buˈrōšu/ > /buˈrōš/	juniper
		לְבוֹנָה	l/ubōˈnā/	frankincense
		רְחוֹב	/ruˈḥōb/	plaza
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qitool	qitōl (Tiberian קְטוֹל)	אֵזוֹר	/ʾiˈzōr/ ?	loin cloth
		אֵפוֹד	/ʾiˈpōd/	ephod
		צְרוֹר	/ṣiˈrōr/	bag
		תְּהוֹם	/tiˈhōm/	depths
		תְּאוֹמִם	/tuʾōˈmῑm/	twins
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qituul	qitūl (Tiberian קְטוּל)	זְבוּל	/ziˈbūl/	hill
		זְבוּב	/zuˈbūb/	flies
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutiil	qutῑl (Tiberian קְטִיל)	חֲזִיר	/ḫuzˈzῑr/	pig
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qtuul	קְטוּל (originally prob. qitūl )	כְּלוּב	/kiˈlūb/	cage
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qutuul_2_qtuul	קְטוּל (originally prob. qutūl )	גְּבוּל	/guˈbūl/	border
		לְבוּשׁ	/luˈbūš/	clothing

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

5. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)

Long First Short Second Vowel

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qaatal_2_qootal	qōtal < qātal (Tiberian קוֹטָֺל)	עוֹלָם	/^cōˈlam/	universe, eternity
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qawtal_2_qootal	qōtal < qawtal (Tiberian קוֹטָֺל)	גּוֹזָּל	/gawˈzal/ = [gåwˈzal] (Jerusalem) [gōˈzal] (Samaria)	young bird
		גּוֹרָל	/šaˈmaym/ [šaˈmaym] (Jerusalem) [šaˈmệm] (Samaria)	lot
		כּוֹכָב	/kawˈkab/ [kåwˈkab] (Jerusalem) [kōˈkab] (Samaria)	star
		שׁוֹפָר	/šawˈpar/ [šåwˈpar] (Jerusalem) [šōˈpar] (Samaria)
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qaatil_2_qootil	qōtil < qātil (Tiberian קֺטֵל)	אֺיִב	/ʾōˈyib/ [ʾōˈyib]^+or [ʾōˈyẹb]^-	enemy
		יֺשֵב	/yōˈšib/ [yōˈšib]^+or [yōˈšẹb]^-	sitter/sitting (m. s.)
		יֺשְבָה	/yōšiˈbā/	sitter/sitting (f. s.)
		יֺשֶבֶת	/yōˈšibt/	sitter/sitting f. s.)
		כֺּהֵן	/kōˈhin/ [kōˈhin]^+or [kōˈhẹn]^- plural /kōhiˈnim/	priest
		עֺרֵב	/ġōˈrib/ [ġōˈrib]^+or [ġōˈrẹb]^-	raven
		קֺהֶלֶת	/qōˈhilt/	Koheleth
		שׁוֹעִר	/šōˈġir/ [šōˈġir]^+or [šōˈġẹr]^-	gatekeeper
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qilii	qilê < *qilī (Tiberian קֵלֶה )	מֵעִים	/miˈ^cῑm/ [miˈ^cῑm]^-or [mẹˈ^cῑm]^+	intestines
		רֵחַיִם	riˈḥaym [riˈḥaym]^-or [rẹˈḥaym]^+	mill stone
		רֵעֶה	/riˈ^cê/ [riˈ^cê]^-or [rẹˈ^cê]^+	friend
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qalee	qalê (root generally ל״א) (Tiberian קָלֶה )	חָזֶה	/ḥaˈzê/	chest
		טָלֶה	/ṭaˈlê/	lamb
		יָפֶה	/yaˈpê/	beautiful
		מָנֶה	/maˈnê/	Mina – measuring unit for precious metals
		נָכֶה	/naˈkê/	lame
		קָנֶה	/qaˈnê/	reed
		קָצֶה	/qaˈṣê/	extremity
		קָֺשֶה	/qaˈšê/	hard
		פָּנִים	/paˈnῑm/	face
		שָֺדֶה	/śaˈdê/	open country, field

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

6. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)

Two Long Vowels

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qiitool	קִיטוֹל qῑtōl (Tiberian קִיטוֹל)	כִּידוֹר	/kῑˈdōr/	uncertain meaning
		נִיחֹחַ	/nῑˈḫōḫ/	pleasantness
		נִיצוֹץ	/nῑˈṣōṣ/	spark
		צִינוֹק	/ṣῑˈnōq/	something bound up
		קִיטוֹר	/qῑˈṭōr/	smoke
		תִּירוֹש	/tῑˈrōš/	must (=unfermented or fermenting grape juice)

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

7. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three Consonants the Second of which is Geminated having (in masc. sing.)

Two Short Vowels

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qattal	qattal (Tiberian קַטָּל)	דַּיָּן	/dayˈyan/ or /dayˈyān/	judge
		חָרָׁש	/ḫarˈraš/ or /ḫarˈrāš/	skilled workman
		גַּנָּב	/ganˈnab/ or /ganˈnāb/	thief
	(feminine)	בַּקָּרָה	/baqqaˈrā/ or /baqqāˈrā/	care
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qittil	qittil (Tiberian קִטֵּל) Adjective of defect or infirmity	אִלֵּם	/ʾilˈlim/	dumb (= unable to speak)
		גִּבֵּן	/gibˈbin/	hunchback
		חֵרֵֺש	/ḥirˈriš/	deaf
		עִוֵּר (pl. עִוְּרִים )- פִּקֵּחַ	/^ciwˈwir/ (plural /^ciwwiˈrῑm/) /piqˈqiḥ/	blind seeing
		עִקֵֺּש	/^ciqˈqiš/	crooked
		ֺשִלֵֺּש	/šilˈliš/	third generation
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#qattil	qattil (Tiberian קַטֵּל)	e.g. דַּבֵּר	/dabˈbir/	infinitive construct of piel
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#quttal	quttal (Tiberian קֻטַּל)	סֻלָּם	/sulˈlam/	ladder

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

8. Prepositions, Negatives, Adverbs, etc.

	Forms	Tiberian	Reconstructed Pre-Exilic Pronunciation	Meaning
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#Prepositions	Prepositions	בְּלִי	/baˈly/ > /biˈly/ (BH?) > /biˈlῑ/ (BH?)	without
		בִּלתִּי	/balˈty/ > /bilˈty/ (BH?) > /bilˈtῑ/ (BH?)	not
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#Interrogatives	Interrogatives	מָה	/ˈmah/	what?
		מִי	/ˈmῑ/ or /ˈmiy/ or (possibly in archaic poetry) /ˈmiya/[8]	who?
	Negatives	אִי	/ʾῑ/ or /ʾiy/ or (possibly in archaic poetry) /ʾiya/[9]	none
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#Adverbs	Adverbs, conjunctions, etc.	עוֹד	Either /^cawd/ or /^cōd/ (assuming derivation /^cād/>/^cōd/)	yet, more
		עַתָּה (pausal עָתָּה) /^catˈtɔ/ (pausal /ˈ^cɔttɔ/)[10]	/ˈ^cittā/	now
		מְאֹד	/ˈmuʾd/	much
		הִנֵּה	/hinˈni /	Here is etc.
http://www.houseofdavid.ca/forms.htm#misc	Misc.	לׂא	/loː/ or /luʾ/ [loʾ]?[11]	not
		זׂאת	/zoːt/ or /zuʾt/[12]	this fs.

+ more likely pronunciation

- less likely pronunciation

Syllables Ending in Doubled Consonents in Pre-Exilic Hebrew

Numerals in Pre-Exilic Hebrew

The History of Some Word Forms in Hebrew

Return to Table of Contents

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[1] I have drawn heavily on Beyer 1969.

[2] See Bergsträsser §17q.

[3] Aramaic form brought into Hebrew in the post-exilic period.

[4] Blau 1970 pp. 28-30; Blau "Marginalia Semitica III". Israel Oriental Studics 7 (1977), pp. 22-23. 106 reprinted in Topics in Hebrew Linguistics, 1998 pp. 247-265.

[5] Beyer 1969 p. 65.

[6] Manuel 1995 p. 127 note 338.

[7] See Joϋon-Muraoka § 88g.

[8] "Perhaps miya ; contra TH mî (<< miya, Segert 1976 § 51.52 cf. Harris A Grammar of the Phoenician Language 1936 §16.3). As with ʾy ... normalization of the Standard Phoenician pronoun is uncertain. Garr suggests miya or mî .... The form also appears in Amarna Canaanite, mi-ya... in which the first vowel may be long (i.e. mîya...). It is possible, therefore, that the Standard Phoenician form could even be mîy. Manuel 1995 p. 124-125 note 310.

[9] "Perhaps ʾiya ; contra TH ʾî. The Standard Phoenician form (ʾy) may originally have been an interrogative, as in Ugaritic iy 'where' (Segert 1976 § 55.82), but the status of the vowel(s) is uncertain. The ugaritic form seems to show heterogeneous diphthong contraction (=ʾēyē, so Gordon 1965 §12.4) despite gemination of the semivowel (Segert 1976 § 55.5). If the Standard Phoenician adverb is related, then both its vowels may already be long, which would account for the continued presence of the final phoneme after short vowel apocope." Manuel 1995 p. 124 note 308.

[10] The pausal form reflects the stress pattern in BHA phase 3 - see Blau 1972 p. 85.

[11] Andersen 1999 p. 6.

[12] Andersen 1999 pp. 6-8.