25 Julry 2014
E-BOOK
Biblical
Hebrew Poetry
and Word
Play
Reconstructing
the Original Oral[1],
Aural[2]
and Visual Experience
By
David Steinberg
David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca
Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/
|
רבי
טרפון ... היה
אומרת "לא
עליך המלאכה
לגמור ולא
אתה בן חורין להבטל
ממנה." Rabbi Tarfon … used to say “You are
not required to complete the work but you are not free to desist from it.” Avot 2:21 |
Companion E-book -
History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew
Language
TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND LINGUISTIC SYMBOLS
I The Purpose of this Web Page
Box 4 - The Three Orthographic Elements in the Masoretic
Text
1. Biblical
Skeleton, Changing Script and Orthography, Medieval Vowel Signs, Modern
Pronunciation
Table 1 - Changes in the Noun from PH to TH - General
Case
Table 2 -
Changes in the Noun from PH to TH - Possible Special Cases
Table 3 - Change in Case Ending Vowel (ms. noun) with Attached Pronominal Suffix
Table
4 - Phase 3
*EBHP (*/EBHP/+ *[EBHP]) Imperfect, Jussive and Preterite
Table 5 - Phase 4 *LBHP (*/LBHP/
*[LBHP]) Imperfect, Jussive and Preterite
Table 6 - End of Phase 6 TH (/TH/+ *[TH]) Imperfect, Jussive and Preterite
III The Issue – The Oral-Aural Nature of Biblical Hebrew Poetry, and Some Kinds of Wordplay, Require the Closest Approximation to their Original Pronunciation for the Fullest Possible Appreciation and there are Practical Criteria for Reestablishing a Good Approximation of the Pre-Exilic Pronunciation
1. The Importance of Reconstructed EBHP
Box 5 - The Importance of Using Reconstructed EBHP/LBHP for the Appreciation of BH Poetry
2. The Basis for the Reconstruction of an Approximation to EBHP
Box 6 - Indirect Sources of
Information Regarding the Pronunciation of BH
IV The Impact –Wordplay and Reconstructed EBHP
V Problems in Reconstruction of EBHP
Problem 1 – Where was the Stress Placed in Biblical
Hebrew Words in EBHP?
EBHP and Tiberian Three Way
Consonantal Opposition Reduced to Modern Two Way Opposition
Table 9 - Ambiguity of Pre-exilic
(JEH) Orthography
Table -
Matres Lectionis in
JEH
Table A - Potential for the Confusion of Letters In Hebrew Bible Text
Transmission
Table B – Confusion of Letters in
Paleo-Hebrew and Aramaic-Jewish Scripts
תֵּיקוּ
- Questions that Cannot
be resolved at Present
Pronunciation of Numerals in EBHP
1. Aims in Reconstructing EBHP
Box 9 - Can Biblical Texts
be Linguistically Dated?
2. Changes
in the Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Between
EBHP and that Recorded in the Tiberian Masoretic Tradition
(early 10th century CE)
Box 10 - Justification of
Proposals for EBHP
3. Guidelines I Have Used in Reconstructing EBHP
4. Examples of the Reconstructed EBHP Vocalization of Biblical Hebrew Texts
a.
Archaic or Archaizing Poetic Texts
i) Blessing of Jacob (Genesis
49:1-27)
ii) Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1b-18)
iii) The Oracles of Balaam (poetic
portions of Numbers 23:7-24:24)
iv) Ha’azinu (Deuteronomy 32:1-43)
v) Blessing of Moses (Deuteronomy
33)
vi) Song of Deborah (Judges 5)
i)
II
Samuel
Chapt. 22 (Second version Psalm 18)
ii)
Psalm
23
iii)
Psalm
114
iv) Psalm 121
v)
Psalm
122
vi) Psalm 130
d.
Lamentations
i)
Lament
of David
(II Samuel 1:19-27)
ii)
Lamentations
3:1-15 ("Qinah meter")
e.
Poetry of Song of Songs -
Song 2:1-17
(as generally in the Song, mainly in "Qinah meter")
f.
Poetry of Job - Job 3:3-10
i) Jer. 1: 11-12; Jer. 1: 18-19; Jer. 19:14-15; Zeph. 3:1-2; Deut 15:1,4
ii) Amos
3:3-6; 3:8; 5:5-7; 5:10-12; 5:16b-17; 6:12;
8:7-10; 9:5-6; 9:13
h.
Prose Texts
ii) Genesis 4:1-3; Genesis 13:4-14;
Joshua 7:1-3
To print this e-book use the files
below -
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Accompanying sound files - |
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Reconstructed Biblical Hebrew
Vocalization of Wolfgang Richter |
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Wolfgang Richter and his team have produced a
remarkable series of publications that, among other things, vocalized the
entire Hebrew Bible[3], Ben Sira and the corpus of Epigraphic Hebrew. The vocalization
system used is explained in Richter 1983 and is briefly
summarized in the introduction to the Genesis volume of Biblia hebraica
transcripta (BHT). It should be noted that Richter's aim was
to produce an "othographiebezogene
morphologische Transkription" which perhaps might be translated as
"morphological transcription within constraints imposed by the
orthography of the MT". Although Richter did not intend to recreate EBHP,
his transcriptions are, in practice, fairly close to what we would understand
EBHP to have been. Where his transcriptions depart from the probable reality
of EBHP, this is usually due to the constraints imposed on his method by the
MT. This can be seen by comparing his
transcriptions of the biblical texts in BHT with those of JEH, with their
earlier orthography, in Althebräische Inschriften transkribiert (AIT). Those wishing to make use of Richter's transcriptions to develop a close approximation to EBHP should note the following: (1) The transcriptions do not
indicate word stress; (2) The transcriptions do not
indicate tonic
lengthening of originally short vowels in closed stressed syllables in nouns
in the absolute case (3) Because the gemination is due to a semantic redundancy rule (i.e. it
is a necessary/regular part of a grammatical feature) the transcriptions systematically
omit the automatic gemination
following: (a) the waw
consecutive of the prefix
conjugation; (b) the article ha- ה; (c) the
relative ša- שׁ. (4) 3ms. pronominal
suffix - AHT gives, in deference to MT
orthography, ō while AIT usually gives ahu
(eg. p. 6
Lak2:2 cabd=hu to be
vocalized [cabˈdahu]). In EBHP it might have been
/ahu/, /ôːh/
or /ô/. (5) The transliteration usually leaves out the short vowels ("Bindervokal")[4]
before 2ms. and 2pl. pronominal
prefixes on nouns. Thus 'your return' (Gen. 4:19) is transcribed šūb=ka reflecting a pronunciation of
/šūˈbika/ or
/šūˈbaka/. (6) The transcriptions ignore
the certain polyphonic
nature in EBHP of the letters ח and ע but not that of ש. (7) Both BHT and AIT transliterate the qal ms. imp. as
qtul (eg. AIT ktub p. 13, Arad 1:2; ḥtum p. 16, Arad 17:2). However (inconsistently?), in deference to the MT The qal inf. constr. is vocalized qtul in
BHT (eg.
Judges 5:2a) but (the earlier form) qutul in AIT (eg. p. 7 Lak3:2 šuluḥ=ka to be vocalized [šuluˈḥika]
or [šuluˈḥaka]).
Similarly, the ubiquitous opening for quotations TH לֵאמׂר is vocalized lē(ʾ)mur in BHT but liʾumur in
AIT (eg.
p. 7 Lak3:6). Cf. Infinitive Construct
and Masculine Singular Imperative of Qal C1VxC2VxC3
> C1C2VxC3 or C1VxC2C3. (8) The transcriptions
reflect two developments in pre-exilic Hebrew that most experts consider took
place in the post exilic period: (a) the reduction of
geminated final consonants ; and, (b) the elision of
syllable-or word-final alephs; (9) The transcriptions assume unstressed heterogeneous
diphthong contraction that many experts consider took
place in the post-exilic period. It
should also be noted, that Richter’s vowel transcriptions are exclusively phonemic
giving no indication of probable
short vowel allophones in [EBHP]. |
(Note the detailed bibliography at
http://www.dailyhebrew.com/resources/bibliography/hebrew-ugaritic-bibliography/ )
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Pentateuch, Abingdon, 1970.
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Asher, M.. "The
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- Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer.
Ergänzungsband : samt den Inschriften aus Palästina, dem Testament Levis aus
der Kairoer Genisa, der Fastenrolle und den alten talmudischen Zitaten :
aramaistische Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung, Deutung, Grammatik/Wörterbuch,
deutsch-aramäische Wortliste, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998.
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10 (1951) 243-55.
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Dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, Mass. 1964.
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237-51. New York: Wiley, 1968
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- Torat Hahege Vehatzurot , Hakibbutz Hameuchad 1972.
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Biblical Hebrew ,
Porta Linguarum Orientalium 1976
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Hebrew Annual Review 6: 61-67
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- "The Parallel Development of the Feminine Ending -at in Semitic Languages" Hebrew Union College Annual 51 (1980), pp. 17-28 reprinted in Topics in Hebrew Linguistics, 1998 pp. 126-137.
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in Biblical Hebrew,
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Paralleled by Hebrew and Arabic", Jewish Quarterly Review,74 (1985), pp. 5-12.
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identical to the 1976 edition but a number of updating comments are added as
pp. 211-220) Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 ISBN 3-447-03362-2)
-
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-
"The Monophthongization
of
Diphthongs as Reflected in the Use of Vowel Letters in the Pentateuch",
1995 reprinted in Topics
in Hebrew Linguistics, 1998
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Magnes, 1998a
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Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 20-25
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- Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew; An Introduction, Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic, (editors M. O'Connor, C. L. Miller) Eisenbrauns, 2010, ISBN:
1-57506-129-5; ISBN13: 978-1-57506-129-0. This book is a translation and reediting of the above. (See A Review and Guide to the use of Phonology and Morphology of Biblical
Hebrew by J. Blau)
Note - This book is the
only comprehensive diachronic study of Biblical Hebrew written since the Bauer and Leander of the early
1920s. The author is one of the best Hebraists of the 20th century. Though this
book is not without its weaknesses (see http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_Blau_rev.htm
), the full range of material covered in it is absolutely fundamental knowledge
for anyone who wishes to make knowledgeable comments on Biblical Hebrew
historical linguistics. It is not a book to be "perused" but to
be ingested and assimilated into one's fundamental knowledge and understanding.
It is easily available to everyone either through purchase or through
inter-library loan from your local library.
Bodine, Walter R., Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew, Eisenbrauns, 1992.
Bordreuil, P.,
F. Israel, D. Pardee, "King's Command and Widow's Plea: Two
New Hebrew Ostraca of the Biblical Period", Near Eastern Archaeology,
Vol. 61, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 2-13
Botterweck, G. Johannes and Helmer Ringgren; translator, John T.
Willis,
Theological dictionary of the Old Testament, W.
B. Eerdmans, 1974.
Series now up[ to volume 12.
Cantineau, J. "Élimination des syllabes brèves en hébreu et en araméen
biblique", BULLETIN
D'ÉTUDES ORIENTALES. Tome II — 1932, pp. 125-144.
Chomsky, W.. Hebrew: the
Eternal Language, Philadelphia, JPS, 1957.
Churchyard, Henry, "Topics in Tiberian Biblical Hebrew Metrical Phonology and Prosodics", unpublished PhD dissertation (The entire dissertation in its final form is available as a .ZIP-compressed Adobe Acrobat PDF file.), University of Texas, 1999
Clines, David J.A. editor, The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Sheffield Academic Press, 1993
Cohen, D., Dictionnaire des racines sémitiques, Fasc. 1 Paris 1970; Fasc. 2 Paris 1976. Fasc 3-8ff, Leuven 1993ff
Cohen,
Harold R. (Chaim). Biblical
Hapax Legomena in the Light of Akkadian and Ugaritic.
Missoula: Scholars, 1978.
Cohen, O.. "Shimmushim predikativiyim be-tsurat ha-maqor ha-natuy 'liqtol' ba-Ivrit shel bayit sheni", Mehqarim be-Lashon 10 (2005).
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dissertation, UCLA, 1986.
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Imperial Aramaic", Maarav 5-6 (Spring 1990), pp. 53-67.
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Abr-Nahrain Supplement3), Peeters, 1992.
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Moore Jr., The
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History of the Religion of Israel, Harvard University Press 1973
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2003.
Cross,
Frank Moore Jr. and David Noel Freedman,
Studies in Ancient
Yahwistic Poetry. SBL Dissertation Series 21 1975 originally
a 1950 dissertation. (Should only be used after thoroughly understanding the points made
by Goodwin).
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a Study of the Epigraphic Evidence,
American Oriental Series 36, New Haven, 1952.
Cross,
Frank Moore Jr., and Shemaryahu Talmon (eds.), Qumran and the History of the
Biblical Text, Harvard U. Press, 1975.
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von, "Canaanite in Cuneiform", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 124, No. 4. (Oct. - Dec., 2004),
pp. 641-674.
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period of the monarchy with concordance, Yale
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Röllig, Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2002.
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Syria and Palestine, Probsthain, London, 1925.
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al.; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1996) 321-28.
Encyclopedia
Judaica,
"Hebrew Language" Encyclopedia Judaica 16,
Jerusalem 1971, 1560-1662 (Ch. Brovender: Pre-Biblical; Y. Blau: Biblical; E.
Y. Kutscher: The Dead Sea Scrolls; E. Y. Kutscher: Mishnaic; E. Goldenberg:
Medieval; E. Eitan: Modern Period).
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2006): 177(13).
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J.Elwolde), Leiden 1997
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Israel and Neil Asher Silberman, "Temple and Dynasty: Hezekiah, the
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in A Wandering Aramean: Collected Essays,
SBLMS25, Missoula, Scholars Press, 1979, pp. 63-65.
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poetry, Sheffield,
England: JSOT Press, 1987.
Fox, Joshua, "A sequence of Vowel
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52), Harvard Semitic Museum / Eisenbrauns, 2003, ISBN: 1-57506-909-1 ISBN13:
978-1-57506-909-8.
Freedman,
David Noel, Pottery,
Poetry and Prophecy: Studies in Early Hebrew Poetry, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns,
1980
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Freedman,
David Noel, A. Dean Forbes and Francis I. Anderson, Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography
,
Eisenbrauns, 1992
Fried, Lisbeth S.. "The Land Lay
Desolate: Conquest and Restoration in the Ancient Near East" in Judah and the Judeans in the neo-Babylonian
period edited by Oded Lipschitz and Blenkinsopp, Eisenbrauns, 2003, pp. 21-54.
Garr, W.R., Dialect geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000-586 B.C.E., Philadelphia 1985
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- "Interpreting Orthography," in The
Hebrew Bible and its Interpreters, Biblical and Judaic Studies from the
University of California, San Diego, Volume 1, edited by William H. Propp,
Baruch Halpern, and David Noel Freedman, pp. 53-80. Winona Lake, IN.:
Eisenbrauns, 1991.
Gates, John E. Lexicographic Resources Used By Biblical
Scholars. Missoula: Scholars Press, 1972.
Geller,
Stephen A., Parallelism
in early biblical poetry, Missoula,
Scholars Press, 1979.
Gesenius,
William, Edward Robinson (Translator), Francis Brown (Editor), S. R. Driver
(Editor), Charles A. Briggs (Editor ), Hebrew and English Lexicon of
the Old Testament
Gianto, Agustinus, "Variations in Biblical Hebrew", Biblica 77 (1996) pp. 493-508
Gibson, J. C.
L., Stress
and Vocalic Change in Hebrew: a Diachronic Study, Journal of Linguistics 2. 35-56, 1965.
- Textbook
of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: Volume 1: Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions,
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971.
Glinert, Lewis (1989). The grammar of Modern Hebrew.
Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press
Ginsberg, H. L., "Review of A Grammar of the Phoenician Language (1936) by Z. S. Harris" JBL 56:138-143.
- "Review of The Development of Canaanite Dialects (1939) by Z. S. Harris" JBL 59:546-551.
Goerwitz, Richard L., "The Accentuation of the Hebrew Jussive and Preterite", Journal of the American Oriental Society , vol. 112, no. 2 (1992), pp. 198-203 (Includes references to and discussions of, earlier scholarly work).
Gogel, S.L., A
Grammar of Epigraphic Hebrew
, Atlanta/Georgia 1999 (N.b. Gogel (p. 1) defines Epigraphic
Hebrew as “… the extra-biblical Hebrew inscriptions of Palestine which have
been attributed by various archaeological, historical, and paleographic
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(Ziony Zevit)
- Seminar on linguistic dating of Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
Studies Journal 47.(Annual January
2006).: What a difference a year makes: can biblical texts be dated
linguistically (Ziony Zevit);
Using
linguistic difference in relative text dating: insights from other historical
linguistic case studies (Sociolinguistics: a key to the typology and
the social background of Biblical Hebrew (Aramaic-like features in
the Pentateuch (Why biblical texts cannot be dated
linguistically (The recent debate on late Biblical Hebrew:
solid data, experts' opinions, and inconclusive arguments (- "Scratched
silver and painted walls: can we date biblical texts
archaeologically?(Report)." Hebrew Studies
Journal 48 (Annual 2007): 23(15).
[1] Oral = expressed in spoken form as distinct from written form.
[2] Aural = of hearing or sound; relating
to the ear or hearing, or to receptiveness and response to speech.
[4] See Richter 1983
p. 130.
[5] I
have found this book to be rather idiosyncratic see review in Jerusalem Post
[6] This is an excellent
article. However, I have found and verified the following typos -
1. P. 100
- the text has "... /i/ [i], [uː]".
This is a misprint for "... /i/ [i], [iː]".
2. P. 92
and 93 - the text has "...[vaːjhiː]".
This is a misprint for "...[vaːjˈhiː]".
3. P. 96 - the text has "...[ʃɔːmRiːm] 'guards'". This is a misprint for "...
[ʃɔːmˈRiːm] 'guards'".
[7] From Zevit's
introduction -
The present discussion has broad implications for historical
linguistics, comparative Semitics, the history of Hebrew, Israelite history,
and biblical studies. Because of this, the National Association of Professors
of Hebrew arranged a panel at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical
Literature in 2004. Scholars were invited to deal directly or tangentially with
problems such as the following: Could Late Biblical Hebrew and Pre-exilic
Biblical Hebrew coexist as living registers? And if so, for
how long and under what conditions? Does Late Biblical Hebrew have a
Babylonian origin? Is there evidence of Late Biblical Hebrew in Haggai and
Zechariah? They were asked to consider theoretical issues such as the following
that emerge from a consideration of Uriel Weinreich's well known and highly
relevant Languages In Contact, The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1970: What happens
when languages change in general and how does this apply to Biblical Hebrew?
How and under what conditions do languages shed and accumulate new features and
how does this apply to Biblical Hebrew? How do languages accommodate themselves
to new phonetic and cultural environments and how do they function? Under what
sets of circumstances does dialectization occur and how do these apply to
Biblical Hebrew?