October 15, 2009

Biblical Hebrew Poetry and Word Play

Reconstructing the Original Oral[1], Aural[2] and Visual Experience

By David Steinberg

David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca

Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/

רבי טרפון ... היה אומרת "לא עליך המלאכה לגמור ולא אתה בן חורין

להבטל ממנה."

Rabbi Tarfon … used to say “You are not required to complete the work but you are not free to desist from it.”

Avot 2:21

Companion piece - History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language

TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND LINGUISTIC SYMBOLS

A Few Introductory Words

I The Purpose of this Web Page

II The Pronunciation of Hebrew Changed Substantially Between the Early 6^th Century BCE Babylonian Exile and the Time of the 8^th-11^th CE Masoretes Who Vocalized the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible

1. Biblical Skeleton, Changing Script and Orthography, Medieval Vowel Signs, Modern Pronunciation

2. Phases of Biblical Hebrew and its Antecedents (BHA) and the Development of the Biblical Hebrew Reading Tradition of the Tiberian Masoretes

III The Issue – The Oral-Aural Nature of Biblical Hebrew Poetry, and Some Kinds of Wordplay, Require the Closest Approximation to their Original Pronunciation for the Fullest Possible Appreciation and there are Practical Criteria for Reestablishing a Good Approximation of the Pre-Exilic Pronunciation

1. The Importance of Reconstructed Pronunciation

2. The Basis for the Reconstruction of an Approximation to the Pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew

IV The Impact –Wordplay and Reconstructed Pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew Pronunciation

V Problems in Reconstruction of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew

Problem 1 – Where was the Stress Placed in Biblical Hebrew Words?

Problem 2 – Problems Caused by the Contrast Between the Phonemic Structure of Pre-Exilic, Tiberian and Israeli Hebrew

a. Phonemes that were Distinct and Phonemic in the First Temple Period that have Merged in Modern Pronunciation

b. Consonants that Exist in Modern Pronunciation but were Absent in Hebrew of the First Temple Period

c. Biblical and Tiberian Three Way Consonantal Opposition Reduced to Modern Two Way Opposition

d. Changes in Pronunciation between the First Temple Period, Tiberian Biblical Vocalization and Modern Hebrew most of which alter the Syllabic Structure

Problem 3 – Ancient Hebrew Orthography Provides Some, But Not Much, Guidance Regarding the Placement, and Nature of Vowels

Problem 4 - What Letters Were Prone to Be Miscopied in the Course of Transmission of Hebrew Biblical Texts?

תֵּיקוּ - Questions that Cannot be resolved at Present

A Note on Epigraphic Hebrew

VI Reconstruction of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew

1. Aims in Reconstructing the Pronunciation of Pre-Exilic Hebrew

Box - Identifying Pre-Exilic Biblical Texts

2. Changes in the Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Between the Early 6^th Century BCE and that Recorded in the Tiberian Masoretic Tradition (early 10^th century CE)

4. Guidelines I Have Used in Reconstructing the Pronunciation of the First Temple Period Hebrew

5. Examples of the Reconstructed Vocalization of Biblical Hebrew Texts

a. Archaic or Archaizing Poetic Texts

Blessing of Jacob (Genesis 49:1-27)

Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1b-18)

The Oracles of Balaam (poetic portions of Numbers 23:7-24:24)

Blessing of Moses (Deuteronomy 33)

Song of Deborah (Judges 5)

i) Lament of David (II Samuel 1:19-27)

b. Psalmic Poetry

i) II Samuel Chapt. 22 (Second version Psalm 18)

c. Prophetic Poetry

i) Jer. 1: 11-12; Jer. 1: 18-19; Jer. 19:14-15; Zeph. 3:1-2; Deut 15:1,4

ii) Amos 3:3-6; 3:8; 5:5-7; 5:10-12; 5:16b-17; 6:12; 8:7-10; 9:5-6; 9:13

d. Various Short Poems: Genesis 2:23; Genesis 3:14-19; Genesis 4:6-7; Genesis 4:23-24; Genesis 8:22; Genesis 9:6; Genesis 9:25-27; Genesis 12:2-3; Genesis 14:19-20; Genesis 16:11-12; Genesis 24:60; Genesis 25:23; Genesis 27:28-29; Genesis 27:39-40; Genesis 35:10-12; Genesis 48:15-16; Genesis 48:20; Exodus 32:18; Numbers 6:24-26; Numbers 10:35-36; Numbers 21:14,15,17-18; Numbers 21:27-30; Joshua 10:12-13; Judges 9:8-15; Judges 14:14, 18; Judges 15:16; Judges 16:23-24; 1 Samuel 15:22-23; 1 Samuel 18:7; 2 Samuel 3:33-34; 2 Samuel 20:1; 1 Kings 8:12-13; 1 Kings 12:16; 2 Kings 19:21-34.

e. Prose Texts

Genesis 2:18-24

Genesis 4:1-3; Genesis 13:4-14; Joshua 7:1-3

Siloam Inscription

Bibliography

Reconstructed Biblical Hebrew Vocalization of

Wolfgang Richter

Wolfgang Richter and his team have produced a remarkable series of publications that, among other things, vocalized the entire Hebrew Bible[3], Ben Sira and the corpus of Epigraphic Hebrew. The vocalization system used is explained in Richter 1983 and is briefly summarized in the introduction to the Genesis volume of Biblia hebraica transcripta (BHT). It should be noted that Richter's aim was to produce an "othographiebezogene morphologische Transkription" which perhaps might be translated as "morphological transcription within constraints imposed by the orthography of the MT". Although Richter did not intend to recreate EBHP, his transcriptions are, in practice, fairly close to what we would understand EBHP to have been. Where his transcriptions depart from the probable reality of EBHP, this is usually due to the constraints imposed on his method by the MT. This can be seen by comparing his transcriptions of the biblical texts in BHT with those of JEH, with their earlier orthography, in Althebräische Inschriften transkribiert (AIT).

Those wishing to make use of Richter's transcriptions to develop a close approximation to EBHP should note the following:

(1) The transcriptions do not indicate word stress;

(2) The transcriptions do not indicate tonic lengthening of originally short vowels in closed stressed syllables in nouns in the absolute case

(3) Because the gemination is due to a semantic redundancy rule (i.e. it is a necessary/regular part of a grammatical feature) the transcriptions systematically omit the automatic gemination following:

(a) the waw consecutive of the prefix conjugation;

(b) the article ha- ה;

(4) 3ms. pronominal suffix - AHT gives, in deference to MT orthography, ō while AIT usually gives ahu (eg. p. 6 Lak2:2 ^cabd=hu to be vocalized [^cabˈdahu]). In EBHP it might have been /ahu/, /ôːh/ or /ô/.

(5) The transliteration usually leaves out the short vowels ("Bindervokal")[4] before 2ms. and 2pl. pronominal prefixes on nouns. Thus 'your return' (Gen. 4:19) is transcribed šūb=ka reflecting a pronunciation of /šūˈbika/ or /šūˈbaka/.

(6) The transcriptions ignore the certain polyphonic nature in EBHP of the letters ח and ע but not that of ש.

(7) Both BHT and AIT transliterate the qal ms. imp. as qtul (eg. AIT ktub p. 13, Arad 1:2; ḥtum p. 16, Arad 17:2). However (inconsistently?), in deference to the MT The qal inf. constr. is vocalized qtul in BHT (eg. Judges 5:2a) but (the earlier form) qutul in AIT (eg. p. 7 Lak3:2 šuluḥ=ka to be vocalized [šuluˈḥika] or [šuluˈḥaka]). Similarly, the ubiquitous opening for quotations TH לֵאמׂר is vocalized lē(ʾ)mur in BHT but liʾumur in AIT (eg. p. 7 Lak3:6).

Cf. Infinitive Construct and Masculine Singular Imperative of Qal C₁V_xC₂V_xC₃ > C₁C₂V_xC₃or C₁V_xC₂C₃.

(8) The transcriptions reflect two developments in pre-exilic Hebrew that most experts consider took place in the post exilic period:

(a) the reduction of geminated final consonants ; and,

(b) the elision of syllable-or word-final alephs;

(9) The transcriptions assume unstressed heterogeneous diphthong contraction that many experts consider took place in the post-exilic period.

It should also be noted, that Richter’s vowel transcriptions are exclusively phonemic giving no indication of probable short vowel allophones in [EBHP].

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- "Alliteration in the Exodus Narrative ," in C. Cohen, A. V. Hurowitz, A. Hurvitz, Y. Muffs, B. J. Schwartz, and J. H. Tigay, eds., Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2008), pp. 83-100.

- "Israelian Hebrew Features in Deuteronomy 33 ," in N. S. Fox, D. A. Glatt-Gilad, and M. J. Williams, eds. Mishneh Todah: Studies in Deuteronomy and Its Cultural Environment in Honor of Jeffrey H. Tigay, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 2009, pp. 167-183.

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- Materialien einer althebräischen Datenbank : die bibelhebräischen und -aramäischen Eigennamen morphologisch und syntaktisch analysiert, St. Ottilien : EOS Verlag, 1996.

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Sarfatti, Gad B., "Hebrew Inscriptions of the First Temple Period – A Survey and some Linguistic Comments", Maarav3/1 (January 1982).

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Wiesbaden 1977.3-17.

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van Peursen, W. Th.. "The Verbal System in the Hebrew Text of Ben Sira", Ph.D. diss., Leiden University, 1999, pp. 313-314.

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Waltke, B. K.. "The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Text of the Old Testament," in New Perspectives on the Old Testament, ed. J. B. Payne (Waco, Tex.: Word, 1970), pp. 212-239

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Watters, William R., Formula criticism and the poetry of the Old Testament, Berlin ; New York: de Gruyter, 1976.

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"The Style of the Gezer Calendar and Some 'Archaic Biblical Hebrew' Passages," VT 42 (1992): 368-374.

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Young, Ian, Robert Rezetko, Martin Ehrensvärd. Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts: Volume 1 - An Introduction to Approaches and Problems (BibleWorld) (Paperback), Equinox Publishing (October 2008), ISBN-10: 1845530829; Volume 2 - A New Synthesis and a Comprehensive Bibliography

Werkgroep Informatica Interactive Hebrew Text Project, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

Yadin, Yigael, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, Baruch Levine, et al.. The Documents from the Bar-Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters. Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean-Aramaic Papyri, Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, 2002.

Zevit, Ziony, Matres lectionis in Ancient Hebrew Epigraphs, ASOR Monograph Series 2, Cambridge, MA, 1980.

- review of Young 2004 in Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 369, 2004.

- Seminar on linguistic dating of Biblical Hebrew[5], Hebrew Studies Journal 46.(Annual January 2005): Introductory remarks: historical linguistics and the dating of Hebrew texts c. 1000-300 B.C.E. (Ziony Zevit); The Distinction between Classical and Late Biblical Hebrew as Reflected in Syntax (Jan Joosten); Biblical Texts Cannot be Dated Linguistically (Ian Young); Traces of Linguistic Development in Biblical Hebrew (Mats Eskhult); Symposium Discussion Session: An Edited Transcription (Ziony Zevit)

- Seminar on linguistic dating of Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew Studies Journal 47.(Annual January 2006).: What a difference a year makes: can biblical texts be dated linguistically (Ziony Zevit); Using linguistic difference in relative text dating: insights from other historical linguistic case studies (Jens Bruun Kofoed); Sociolinguistics: a key to the typology and the social background of Biblical Hebrew (Frank Polak); Aramaic-like features in the Pentateuch (Gary A. Rendsburg); Why biblical texts cannot be dated linguistically (Martin Ehrensvard); The recent debate on late Biblical Hebrew: solid data, experts' opinions, and inconclusive arguments (Avi Hurvitz).- "Scratched silver and painted walls: can we date biblical texts archaeologically?(Report)." Hebrew Studies Journal 48 (Annual 2007): 23(15).