20 September 2011
Words Significantly Different in
Pronunciation in EBHP[1]
By David
Steinberg
David.Steinberg@houseofdavid.ca
Home page http://www.houseofdavid.ca/
See
also http://www.houseofdavid.ca/problem5.pdf
Box- The Case
System of Proto-Hebrew
1. Nouns
(including adjectives) Based on Two Consonants
3. Nouns
(including adjectives) Based on Three Consonants Two Short Vowels in PH
5. Nouns (including adjectives) Based on
Three Consonants Long First Short Second Vowel in PH
8. Prepositions, Negatives, Adverbs, etc.
Nb.
1. N.b. Vowel Qualities of
Reconstructed [EBHP]
2. When multiple forms are possible, the
form used in [EBHP] transliterations and sound files is underlined.
The Case System of Proto-Hebrew
|
As illustrated elsewhere, PH originally had a system of case endings similar to that of
Classical Arabic[2]. As in Classical Arabic, attached pronominal suffixes, if any,
followed the case endings. For the noun forms in the singular, feminine
singular this consisted of a system of three cases[3] (nominative - suffix u (constr. u > Ø during
PH period); accusative - suffix a (constr. a > Ø
during PH period);
genitive - suffix i (constr. i > Ø during PH period)). Nouns in the dual, masculine
plural and feminine plural all had two cases[4] - dual - nominative -
suffix áːmi (constr. and before pronominal suffix aː); oblique (= accusative plus genitive) - suffix áymi (constr. and before
pronominal suffix ay); masculine plural - nominative - suffix úːma (constr. and before
pronominal suffix uː
); oblique - suffix íːma (constr. and before
pronominal suffix iː
); and, feminine plural - nominative - suffix óːtu (constr. and before
pronominal suffix oːt
); oblique - suffix óːti (constr. and before
pronominal suffix oːt
).[5] At some time, presumably related to the drastic
reduction in the use of the dual and the decline of the case system in late BHA phase 2, the oblique ending (íːma > íːm ) became the single suffix
for mp. absolute nouns and the dual oblique construct (ay ) became the
single suffix for mp. construct nouns. For this reason, in
the following table, I will use the general approach in PH reconstructions of
showing, where possible, the PH vocalization that developed into the
BH form. Thus, for PH reconstructions I
will - §
illustrate
noun forms in masculine singular, feminine singular, and feminine plural in
the nominative case; §
illustrate
masculine plural and dual construct
noun forms in the
oblique case; and, §
illustrate
masculine plural absolute noun forms in the
oblique case. |
1. Nouns
(including adjectives) based on Two Consonants
(forms
with long (doubled) second consonant follow this link)
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development
to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c.
850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
/ʾaˈmatu/ |
/ʾaˈmâ/ [ʔɐˈmɐː] |
אָˈמָה |
female
servant, slave-wife |
|
|
/śaˈpatu/ |
/śaˈpâ/ [ɬɐːˈpɐː] |
שָֺˈפָה |
lip,
language |
|
|
/šaˈnatu/ |
/šaˈnâ/ [ʃɐˈnɐː] |
ֺשָˈנָה |
year |
|
|
/ˈʾilu/ |
/ˈʾeːl/ |
ˈאֵל |
god
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌʾil/ |
/ʾil/ |
ˌאֶל |
god
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/ˈbinu/ |
/ˈbeːn/ |
ˈבֵּן |
son
- abs. form. |
|
|
/ˌbin/ |
/ˌbin/ |
ˌבֶּן־ ˌבִּן־ |
son
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/ˈbintu/ > /ˈbittu/ |
/ˈbatt/ [ˈbɐtt] |
daughter |
||
|
/ˈleːṣu/? |
/ˈleːṣ/ [ˈlẹːsˁ] |
ˈלֵץ |
mocker |
|
|
/ˈcidu/ |
/ˈceːd/ [ˈʕẹːd] |
ˈעֵד |
witness
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌcid/ |
/ˌcid/ |
ˌעֵד |
witness
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/ˈciṣu/ |
/ˈceːṣ/ [ˈʕẹːsˁ] |
ˈעֵץ |
tree
- abs. form |
|
|
/ciṣ/ |
/ˌciṣ/ |
ˌעֵד |
tree
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
|
/ˈric/ |
ˈרֵעַ |
companion.
|
|
|
/ˈšimu/ |
/ˈšeːm/ [ˈʃẹːm] |
ֺשֵםˈ [ˈʃẹːm] |
name
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌšim/ |
/ˌšim/ [ˌʃɪm] or [ˌʃɛm] |
ֺשֵםˌ [ˌʃẹːm] |
name
of- cstr. form |
|
|
/ˈšitu/ |
/ˈšeːt/ [ˈʃẹːt] |
ֺשֵתˈ [ˈʃẹːθ] |
base,
foundation - abs. form |
|
|
/ˌšit/ |
/ˌšit/ |
ˌֺשֵת [ˌʃẹːθ] |
base
of- cstr. form |
|
|
/ˈgišatu/ > |
/ˈgišt/ [ˈgɪʃt]? [ˈgɪʃәt]? |
ˈגֶּשֶׁת |
approaching
(inf. cstr. qal of נגשׁ). |
|
|
/diˈcatu/ |
/diˈcâ/ |
דֵּˈעָה |
knowledge
(qal verbal noun ידע). |
|
|
/ˈdicatu/ > /ˈdictu/ |
/ˈdict/ [ˈdɪ/ɛʕt]? [ˈdɪ/ɛʕәt]? |
ֺˈדַּעַת [ˈdɐːʕɐθ] |
knowledge
(inf. cstr. qal of ידע). |
|
|
/ziˈcatu/ |
/ziˈcâ/ |
זֵˈעָה |
sweat
(qal verbal noun יזע). |
|
|
/ḥiˈmatu/ |
/ḥiˈmâ/ |
חֵˈמָה |
heat,
anger. |
|
|
/ˈṭactu/ |
/ˈṭact/ [ˈtˁɐʕt]? [ˈtˁɐʕәt]? |
ˈטַעַת |
planting
(inf. cstr. qal of נטע ). |
|
|
/ˈlidatu/ > /liˈdatu/ |
/liˈdâ/ [lɪˈdɐː]? [lɛˈdɐː]? |
לֵˈדָה |
giving
birth (qal verbal noun ילד). |
|
|
/ˈlidatu/ > /ˈlidtu/ |
ˈלֶדֶת |
giving
birth (inf. cstr. qal of ילד). |
||
|
/ˈlikatu/ > /ˈliktu/ |
/ˈlikt/ |
ˈלֶכֶת |
going
(inf. cstr. qal of הלך). |
|
|
/miˈʾatu/ |
/miˈʾâ/ |
מֵˈאָה |
hundred.
|
|
|
/ˈsactu/ |
/ˈsact/ |
ˈסַעַת |
breaking
camp, travelling (inf. cstr. qal of נסע). |
|
|
/ciˈdatu/ |
/ciˈdâ/ |
עֵˈדָה |
community.
|
|
|
/ciˈṣatu/ |
/ciˈṣâ/ |
עֵˈצָה |
plan.
|
|
|
/piˈʾatu/ |
/piˈʾâ/ |
פֵּˈאָה |
edge.
|
|
|
/ˈṣiʾtu/ |
/ˈṣiʾt/ [ˈsˁɪʔt] (EBHP?)
> |
ˈצֵאת |
going
out (inf. cstr. qal of יצא). See *qiʾl
>* qệl > qʾệl
Will use [ˈsˁɪʾt]
in abs. and [ˌsˁẹːt]
in constr.
in [EBHP] transliterations |
|
|
/ˈqištu/ |
/ˈqišt/ |
ˈקֶֺשֶת |
bow.
|
|
|
/ˈridtu/ |
/ˈridt/ |
ˈרֶדֶת |
going
down (inf. cstr. qal of ירד). |
|
|
/ˈšibtu/ |
/ˈšibt/ |
ˈשֶׁבֶת |
sitting
(inf. cstr. qal of ישׁב). |
|
|
/šiˈnatu/ |
/šiˈnâ/ |
שֵׁˈנׇה |
sleep
(qal verbal noun ישׁן). |
|
|
/tiˈbatu/ |
/tiˈbâ/ |
תֵּˈבָה |
ark.
|
|
|
/ˈturu/ |
[ˈtoːr] |
ˈתּוֺר |
dove |
|
|
/ˈḥayyu/ |
/ˈḥayy/ [ˈħɐːyy] |
ˈחַי |
alive |
|
|
(f.) |
/ḥayˈyatu/ |
/ḥayˈyâ/ [ħɐyˈyɐː] |
חַˈיָּה |
wild
animal |
|
/ˈ‘immu/ |
/ˈ‘imm/ [ˈ‘ɪmm] |
ˈאֵם |
mother |
|
|
/ˈḥuqqu/ |
/ˈḥuqq/ [ˈħʊkˁkˁ] |
ˈחֹק |
law |
|
|
(f.) |
/ḥuqˈqatu/ |
/ḥuqˈqâ/ |
חֻˈקָּה |
law,
decree |
2. Nouns (including adjectives) based on Three
Consonants having (in masc. sing.) One (phonemic) Vowel in EBHP
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
/ˈmalku/ |
/ˈmalk/ [ˈmɐlk]? [ˈmɐlәk]? |
ˈמֶלֶךְ |
king.
|
|
|
ע״ן |
/ˈbintu/ |
/ˈbitt/ [ˈbɪtt] |
ˈבַּת
[ˈbɐθ] |
daughter.
(Shift
*/ˈbit(t)/
> /ˈbat/ due to Philippi's
law) |
|
/ˈlahbu/ |
/ˈlahb/ [ˈlɐhb]? [ˈlɐhɐ̆b]? |
ˈלַהַב [ˈlɐːhav] |
flame.
|
|
|
/ˈlaḥmu/ |
/ˈlaḥm/ [ˈlɐħm]? [ˈlɐħɐ̆m]? |
ˈלֶחֶם [ˈlɛːħɛm] |
bread.
|
|
|
/ˈnaḫlu/ |
/ˈnaḫl/ [ˈnɐxl]? [ˈnɐxɐ̆l]? |
ˈנַחַל |
wadi.
|
|
|
/ˈnaclu/ |
/ˈnacl/ [ˈnɐʕl]? [ˈnɐʕɐ̆l]? |
ˈנַעַל |
shoe.
Will use [ˈnɐcl] in [EBHP] transliterations |
|
|
/ˈnacru/ |
/ˈnacr/ [ˈnɐʕɾ]? [ˈnɐʕɐ̆ɾ]? |
ˈנַעַר |
youth
(noun). |
|
|
/ˈpaḫdu/ |
/ˈpaḫd/ [ˈpɐxd]? [ˈpɐxɐ̆d]? |
ˈפַּחַד |
trembling.
|
|
|
/ˈraḥmu/ |
/ˈraḥm/ [ˈrɐħm]? [ˈrɐħɐ̆m]? |
ˈרֶחֶם [ˈreːħɛm] |
womb.
|
|
|
/ˈšaġr/ [ˈʃɐɣɾ]? [ˈʃɐɣɐ̆ɾ]? |
ˈֹשַעַר [ˈʃɐːʕaɾ] |
gate.
|
||
|
/ˈgabʾu/ |
/ˈgabʾ/ [ˈgɐbʔ]? [ˈgɐbәʔ]? |
ˈגֶּבֶא [gɛːvɛː] |
pond.
|
|
|
/ˈṭanʾu/ |
/ˈṭanʾ/ [ˈtˁɐnʔ]? [ˈtˁɐnәʔ]? |
ˈטֶנֶא |
vase.
|
|
|
/ˈparʾu/ |
/ˈparʾ/ [ˈpɐɾʔ]? [ˈpɐɾәʔ]? [ˈpɛɾɛː]? |
ˈפֶּרֶא |
wild
ass. |
|
|
/ˈgadyu/ > |
[ˈgɐdy]?
[ˈgɐdĭy]? |
גְּˈדִי [gәˈðiː] |
kid. |
|
|
/ˈkalyu/ |
/ˈkaly/ [ˈkɐly]? [ˈkɐlĭy]?
|
כְּˈלִי
[kәˈliː] |
tool,
vessel. |
|
|
/kilaˈyīma/[12] |
/kilaˈyīm/ (/EBHP?/)
> |
כֵּˈלִים |
tools. |
|
|
/ˈlaḥyu/ |
/ˈlaḥy/ [ˈlɐħy]? [ˈlɐħĭy]? |
לְˈחִי [lәˈħiː] |
jaw
bone. |
|
|
/ˈpatyu/ |
/ˈpaty/ [ˈpɐty]?
[ˈpɐtĭy]? |
ˈפֶּתִי |
naïve
young man. |
|
|
ע״ו roots
(conson- |
/ˈʾawnu/ |
/ˈʾawn/ [ˈʔɐwn] |
ˈאָוֶן[13] |
wickedness
- abs. form |
|
|
/ʾawn/ |
/ˌʾawn/ |
ˌאוֺן |
wickedness
of- cstr. form. |
|
/ˈmawtu/ |
/ˈmawt/ [ˈmɐwt] |
ˈמָוֶת[14] |
death
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌmawt/ |
ˌמוֺת |
death
of- cstr. form |
||
|
/ˈcawlu/ |
/ˈcawl/ |
ˈעָוֶל |
injustice
- abs. form |
|
|
/cawˈlatu/ |
/cawˈlâ/ [ʕɐwˈlɐː] |
עַוְˈלָה |
injustice |
|
|
/ˈtawku/ |
/ˈtawk/ |
ˈתָּוֶךְ |
midst
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌtawk/ |
/ˌtawk/ [ˌtɐwk]? [ˌt ɔ̝wk]? |
ˌתּוֹךְ |
midst
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
ע״י roots
(consonantal
י) |
/ˈbaytu/ |
/ˈbayt/ [ˈbɐyt] |
ˈבַּיִת |
house
- abs. form |
|
/ˌbayt/ |
/ˌbayt/ [ˌbɐyt]? [ˌbɛyt]? |
ˌבֵּית |
house
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/bayaˈtīma/[15] |
/bayaˈtīm/ (/EBHP?/) > |
בָּˈתִּים |
houses |
|
|
/ˈzaytu/ |
/ˈzayt/ [ˈzɐyt] |
ˈזַיִת
|
olive
- abs. form |
|
|
/ˌzayt/ |
/ˌzayt/ |
ˌזֵית |
olive
of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/ˈṣaydu/ |
/ˈṣayd/ |
ˈצַיִד
|
game
(hunting) - abs. form |
|
|
/ˌṣayd/ |
/ˌṣayd/ [ˌsˁɐyd]? [ˌsˁɛyd]? |
ˌצֵיד |
game
(hunting) of- cstr. form. |
|
|
/ṣayˈdatu/ |
/ṣayˈdâ/ [sˁɐyˈdaː]? [sˁɛyˈdaː]? |
צֵיˈדָה |
food for a
journey. |
|
|
/ˈsitru/ |
/ˈsitr/ |
ˈסֵתֶר |
secret.
|
|
|
/sitˈratu/ |
/sitˈrâ/ [sɪtˈɾɐː] |
סִתְˈרָה |
protection. |
|
|
NB. See Tequ here |
/ˈḫiṣyu/ |
/ˈḫiṣy/ |
חֲˈצִי
[ħăˈsˁiː] (pausal חֵצִי [ˈħẹːsˁiː])[17] |
half.
|
|
/ˈmiryu/ |
/ˈmiry/ |
מְˈרִי
|
contentiousness. |
|
|
/ˈpiryu/ |
/ˈpiry/ |
פְּˈרִי
|
fruit.
|
|
|
/piraˈyōtu/ |
/piraˈyōt/ (/EBHP?/) > |
פֵּˈרוֹת |
fruits.
Analogous to Will
use [pɛrɐˈyoːt] in abs. and [pɛˌroːt] in constr. in [EBHP]
transliterations |
|
|
/ˈṣibyu/ |
/ˈṣiby/ [ˈsˁɪby]?
[ˈsˁɪbĭy]? |
צְˈבִי
|
ornament,
splendor. |
|
|
/ˈẓabyu/ > |
/ˈṣaby/ |
צְˈבִי |
gazelle.
|
|
|
/ˈšibyu/ |
/ˈšiby/ |
ֺשְˈבִי (pausal ֺשֶבִי
ˈ |
captivity.
|
|
|
/ˈbuʾšu/ |
/ˈbuʾš/
(/EBHP?/) > |
בְּˈאֹש |
stench |
|
|
/ˈgudlu/ |
/ˈgudl/ [ˈgʊdl]? [ˈgo̞dәl]? |
ˈגֹּדֶל [ˈgoːðɛl] |
greatness.
|
|
|
/ˈḫurbu/ |
/ˈḫurb/ |
ˈחֹרֶב [ˈħoːɾɛv] |
devastation.
|
|
|
/ḫurˈbatu/ |
/ḫurˈbâ/ |
חָרְˈבָּה [ħɔɾˈbɔː] |
site
of ruins. |
|
|
/ġurˈlatu/ |
/ġʊrˈlâ/ |
עָרְˈלָה [ʕɔɾˈlɔː] |
foreskin.
|
|
|
/ˈtuʾru/ |
/ˈtuʾr/
(/EBHP?/) > |
ˈתֹּאַר [ˈtɔːʔaɾ] |
form |
|
|
ל״י roots |
/ˈʾunyu/ |
/ˈʾuny/ |
אֳˈנִי [ʔɔˈniː] |
fleet.
|
|
/ʾuniˈyatu/ |
/ʾuniˈyâ/ [ʔunɪiˈyɐː] |
אֳנִˈיָּה
|
ship |
|
|
/ˈḥulyu/ |
חֳˈלִי [ħɔ̆ˈliː] (pausal ˈחֹלִי |
illness.
|
||
|
/ˈyupyu/ |
/ˈyupy/ |
יֳפִי* [ˈyoːpiː]) |
Beauty.
|
|
|
/ˈcunyu/ |
/ˈcuny/ |
עֳˈנִי
[ʕɔ̆ˈniː] (pausalֺ ˈעֹנִי [ˈʕoːniː]) |
affliction.
|
|
|
/ˈruʾyu/ |
/ˈruʾy/ [ˈɾʊʔy]?
[ˈɾʊʔĭy]? |
רֳˈאִי |
sight,
appearance. Follows the pattern of *qiʾl >* qệl > qʾệl |
|
|
/ˈdibšu/ |
/ˈdibš/ |
דְּˈבַׁש |
honey.
|
|
|
/ˈsabku/ |
/ˈsabk/ [ˈsɐbk]? [ˈsɐbәk]? |
סְˈבַךְ* |
thicket |
|
|
/ʾạˈgamu/ |
/ʾạˈgam/ [ʔɐˈgɐm] |
אֲˈגַם (plural אֲגַˈמִּים |
marsh |
|
|
/hạˈdasu/ |
/hạˈdas/ |
הֲˈדַס |
myrtle |
|
|
/zạˈmanu/? |
/zạˈman/? |
זְˈמַן* |
time,
season. |
|
|
/ḥạˈšašu/ |
/ḥạˈšaš/ |
חֲֺˈשַֺש |
chaff |
|
|
/ḥạˈtatu/ |
/ḥạˈtat/ |
חֲˈתַת |
terror |
|
|
/sịˈtāwu/[19] |
/sịˈtāw/ [siˈtaːw] |
סְˈתָו[20] |
winter |
|
|
For the [EBHP] pronunciation of these
forms see
- *qiʾl >* qệl > qʾệl. |
||||
|
/ˈbiʾru/ |
/ˈbiʾr/ [ˈbɪʔɾ]? [ˈbɪʔӗɾ]? |
בְּˈאֵר |
well |
|
|
/ˈziʾbu/ |
/ˈziʾb/ [ˈzɪʔb]? [ˈzɪʔӗb]? /ˌzêb/ [ˌzẹːb] |
זְˈאֵב |
wolf |
|
|
/ˈkiʾbu/ |
כְּˈאֵב [kәˈʔẹːv] |
pain |
||
|
/kaliˈmatu/ |
/kạliˈmâ/ |
כְּלִˈמָּה |
embarrassment |
|
|
/ˈpiʾru/ |
/ˈpiʾr/ [ˈpɪʔɾ]? [ˈpɪʔӗɾ]? (pl. /piʾaˈrīm/ [pɪʔɐˈɾiːm]) |
פְּˈאֵר [pәˈʔẹːɾ] |
glory |
|
|
/qahiˈlatu/ |
/qạhiˈlâ/ |
קְהִˈלָּה [kˁәhilˈlɔː] |
assembly |
|
|
/ˈriʾmu/ |
/ˈriʾm/ [ˈɾɪʔm]? [ˈɾɪʔӗm]? (pl. /riʾaˈmīm/ [ɾɪʔɐˈmiːm]) |
רְˈאֵם |
||
|
/ˈšiʾru/ |
ֺשְˈאֵר |
flesh |
||
|
/šiʾˈlatu/ |
/šiʾˈlâ/ [ʃɪʔˈlɐː] |
שְׁאֵˈלָה |
question
(noun) |
|
|
/tiʾˈnatu/ |
/tiʾˈnâ/ [tɪʔˈnɐː] (pl. /tiʾaˈnīm/ [tɪʔɐˈniːm]) |
תְּאֵˈנָה [tәʔẹːˈnɔː] |
fig |
|
3. Nouns (including adjectives)
based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.)Two Short Vowels
in PH
(note Differential impact of compensatory lengthening)
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
qatal
(Tiberian קָטָל) |
/ʾaˈdamu/ |
/ʾaˈdaːm/ [ʔɐˈdaːm] |
אׇˈדׇם |
man |
|
/ʾaˈḥadu/ |
/ʾaˈḥaːd/ |
אֶˈחׇד |
one (masc.) |
|
|
/ʾaˈḥadt/
> |
/ʾaˈḥat(t)/ |
אַˈחַת |
one (fem.) |
|
|
/baˈśaru/ |
/baˈśaːr/ |
בׇּˈשׇׂר |
flesh |
|
|
/gaˈmalu/ |
/gaˈmaːl/ |
גָּˈמׇל (pl.
גְּמַˈלִּים [gәmɐlˈliːm]) |
camel |
|
|
/daˈbaru/ |
/daˈbaːr/ |
דָּˈבָר (pl. דְּבָˈרִים [dәvɔːˈɾiːm]) |
word |
|
|
/daˈganu/ |
/daˈgaːn/ |
דָּˈגָן |
grain |
|
|
/ḥaˈdašu/ |
/ḥaˈdaːš/ |
חׇˈדׇשׁ |
new (m. s.) |
|
|
/ḥaˈkamu/ |
/ḥaˈkaːm/ |
חׇˈכׇם |
wise |
|
|
/ḥaˈlabu/ |
/ḥaˈlaːb/ |
חָˈלָב |
milk |
|
|
/kaˈzabu/ |
/kaˈzaːb/ |
כׇּˈזׇב |
false thing |
|
|
/laˈbanu/ |
/laˈbaːn/ |
לׇˈבָן |
white |
|
|
/nạbaˈlatu/ |
/nạbaˈlâ/ |
נְבׇˈלׇה |
folly |
|
|
/nạmaˈlatu/ |
/nạmaˈlâ/ |
נְמָˈלׇה |
ant |
|
|
/nạqaˈmatu/ |
/nạqaˈmâ/ |
נְקָˈמָה |
revenge |
|
|
/qaˈṭanu/ |
קׇˈטׇן |
small |
||
|
/ˈṣabaʾu/ > |
/ṣaˈbaːʾ/ |
צָˈבָא |
army |
|
|
/ṣạdaˈqatu/ |
/ṣạdaˈqâ/ [sˁɐdɐˈkˁɐː] |
צְדׇקׇה |
righteousness |
|
|
/ṣadạˈqōtu/ (nominative,
fp. absolute) |
/ṣạdaˈqōt/ [sˁɐdɐˈkˁoːt] |
[sˁәðˈkˁoːθ]) |
acts of redemption |
|
|
/ṣạdaˌqat/ (fs.
construct) |
/ṣạdạˌqat/ |
צִדְˌקַת [sˁiðˌkˁɐθ]) |
righteousness of |
|
|
(fp.
construct) |
/ṣạdạˌqōt/ |
[sˁiðˌkˁoːθ]) |
acts of redemption of |
|
|
ṣaˈmaʾu |
/ṣaˈmaːʾ/ |
צָˈמָא |
thirst |
|
|
/qạlaˈlatu/ |
/qạlaˈlâ/ |
קְלָˈלָה |
curse |
|
|
/raˈģabu/ |
/raˈģaːb/ |
רָˈעָב |
hunger |
|
|
/śaˈbacu/ |
/śaˈbːac/ |
שׇֹˈבָע |
satiation |
|
|
qatil
(Tiberian קָטֵל) |
/ʾaˈminu/ |
/ʾaˈmeːn/ [ʔɐˈmẹːn] |
אׇˈמֵן |
surely, amen |
|
/ʾaˈmint/ > |
/ʾaˈmit(t)/ |
אֱˈמֶת |
truth |
|
|
/bạhiˈmatu/ |
/bạhiˈmâ/ |
בְּהֵˈמָה |
beast |
|
|
/bạriˈkâ/ |
/bạriˈkâ/ |
בְּרֵˈכָה |
pool |
|
|
/zaˈqinu/ |
/zaˈqeːn/ |
זָˈקֵן |
elder |
|
|
/yaˈriku/ |
/yaˈreːk/ |
יָˈרֵךְ [yɔːˈɾẹːx] |
thigh |
|
|
/kaˈtipu/ |
/kaˈteːp/ |
כָּˈתֵף [kɔːˈθẹːf] |
shoulder |
|
|
/lạbiˈnatu/ |
/lạbiˈnâ/ |
לְבֵˈנָה [lәvẹːˈnɔː] |
brick |
|
|
/paˈliṭu/ |
/paˈleːṭ/ |
פָּˈלֵיט* [pɔːˈlẹː
tˁ] |
survivor |
|
|
/šạʾiˈlatu/ |
/šạʾiˈlâ/ |
ֺשְאֵˈלָה [ʃәʔẹːˈlɔː] |
question |
|
|
/šaˈkinu/ |
/šaˈkeːn/ |
ֺשָכֵן [ʃɔːˈxẹːn] |
neighbor |
|
|
/šaˈlimu/ |
/šaˈleːm/ |
ֺשָˈלֵם [ʃɔːˈlẹːm] |
whole, complete |
|
|
/šạmiˈṭatu/ |
/šạmiˈṭâ/ |
ֺשְמִˈטָּה [ʃәmitˁˈtˁɔː] |
year of release |
|
|
ʾạḫuˈzatu |
/ʾạḫuˈzâ/ [ʔɐxʊˈzɐː] |
אֲחֻˈזָּה [ʔɐ̆ḫuzˈzɔː] |
holding e.g. land holding |
|
|
gaˈbuhu |
/gaˈboːh/ [gɐˈboːh] |
גָּˈבֺהַּ [gɔːˈvoːɐh] |
high |
|
|
gaˈdulu |
/gaˈdoːl/ [gɐˈdoːl] |
גָּˈדוֹל [gɔːˈðoːl] |
big |
|
|
ḥạnuˈkatu |
/ḥạnuˈkâ/ [ħɐnʊˈkɐː] |
חֲנֻˈכָּה [ħɐ̆nukˈkɔː] |
dedication |
|
|
ṭaˈhuru |
/ṭaˈhoːɾ/ |
טָˈהוֹר [tˁɔːˈhoːr] |
ritually clean |
|
|
caˈgulu |
/ʕaˈgoːl/ |
עָˈגוֹל [ʕɔːˈɣoːl] |
round |
|
|
qaˈdušu |
/qaˈdoːš/ |
קָˈדוֹשׁ [kˁɔːˈðoːʃ] |
holy |
|
|
qạˈṭurtu |
/qạˈṭurt/ [kˁɐˈtˁʊɾt] |
קְˈטֺרֶת [kˁәˈtˁoːɾɛθ] |
incense |
|
|
qital
(Tiberian קֵטָל) |
/liˈbabu/ |
/liˈbaːb/ [lɪˈbaːb] |
לֵˈבָב [lẹːˈvɔːv] |
heart |
|
/niˈkaru/ |
/niˈkaːr/ |
נֵˈכָר [nẹːˈxɔːɾ] |
foreigner |
|
|
/ġiˈnabu/ |
/ġiˈnaːb/ |
עֵˈנָב [ʕẹːˈxɔːv] |
grape. |
|
|
/ṣiˈlacu/ |
/ṣiˈlaːc/ |
צֵˈלָע [sˁẹːˈlɔːʕ] |
rib. |
|
|
/šiˈkaru/ |
/šiˈkaːr/ |
ֺשֵˈכָר [ʃẹːˈxɔːɾ] |
strong drink – beer? |
|
|
qutal
(Tiberian קֻטָּל) |
/šuˈcalu/ |
/šuˈcaːl/ [ʃʊˈʕaːl] |
ֺשוּˈעָל [ʃuːˈʕɔːl] |
fox |
|
qutul
(Tiberian קְטֺל) |
/bụˈkoːr/ [bʊkoːɾ]?
[bo̞koːɾ]?[23] |
בְּˈכֹר [bәˈxoːɾ] |
first-born son |
|
|
/kụˈtuntu/ |
/kụˈtunt/ [kʊˈtʊnt] |
כֻּˈתֺּנֶת |
a garment |
|
|
/lụˈʾumu/ |
/lụˈʾoːm/ [lʊˈʔoːm] |
לְˈאֹם [lәˈʔoːm] (pl. לְאֻˈמִּים [lәʔumˈmiːm]) |
nation |
|
|
/nụˈḥuštu/ |
/nụˈḥušt/ |
נְˈחֺשֶת [nәˈħoːʃɛθ] |
copper, bronze. |
|
|
/nụˈcurtu/ |
/nụˈcurt/ |
נְˈעֺרֶת [nәˈcoːɾɛθ] |
tow |
|
|
/suguˈlatu/ |
/suguˈlâ/ |
סְגֻˈלָּה |
personal property |
|
|
/sụˈdumu/ |
/sụˈdoːm/ |
סְˈדֺם [sәˈðoːm] |
Sodom |
|
|
/qụˈṭurtu/ |
/qụˈṭurt/ |
קְˈטֹרֶת [qәˈtˁoːɾɛθ] |
incense, smoke |
|
|
/šuˈbultu/ |
/šuˈbult/ |
ֺשִˈבֺּלֶת [ʃibˈboːlɛθ] |
ear of grain |
4. Nouns (including
adjectives) based on Three Consonants having (in ms.) having Short First and Historically
Long Second Vowel in EBHP
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
qatāl (Tiberian קָטוֹל) |
/ʾaˈtōnu/ |
/ʾaˈtōn/ [ʔɐˈtoːn] |
אָˈתוֹן [ʔɔːˈθoːn] |
she-ass |
|
|
/gaˈrōnu/ |
/gaˈrōn/ |
גָּˈרוֹן [gɔːˈɾoːn] |
throat |
|
|
/kaˈbōdu/ |
/kaˈbōd/ |
כָּˈבוֹד [kɔːˈvoːð] |
honor |
|
|
/laˈšōnu/ |
/laˈšōn/ |
לׇˈשׁוֹן [lɔːˈʃoːn] |
tongue |
|
|
/caˈrōdu/ |
/caˈrōd/ |
עָˈרוֹד [cɔːˈɾoːð] |
wild
ass |
|
|
/šaˈlōmu/ |
/šaˈlōm/ |
שׇׁˈלוֹם [ʃɔːˈloːm] |
peace |
|
|
/šaˈlōšu/ |
/šaˈlōš/ |
שׇׁˈלוֹשׁ [ʃɔːˈloːʃ] |
three |
|
qatῑl (Tiberian קׇטִיל) |
/ḥaˈsῑdu/ |
/ḥaˈsῑd/ [ħɐˈsiːd] |
חָˈסִיד [ħɔːˈsiːð] |
faithful |
|
/yaˈmῑnu/ |
/yaˈmῑn/ |
יָˈמִין [yɔːˈmiːn] |
right |
|
|
/laˈbῑʾu/ |
/laˈbῑʾ/ [lɐˈbiːʔ]
(/EBHP?/) > |
לָˈבִיא [lɔːˈviː] |
lion.
|
|
|
/maˈšῑḥu/ |
/maˈšῑḥ/ |
מָˈֺשִיחַ [mɔːˈʃiːɐħ] |
anointed |
|
|
/naˈbῑʾu/ |
/naˈbῑʾ/[nɐˈbiːʔ]
(/EBHP?/) >
|
נָˈבִיא [nɔːˈviː] |
prophet.
|
|
|
/sạlῑˈḫatu/ |
/sạlῑˈḫâ/ [sɐliːˈxɐː] |
סְלִיˈחָה [sәliːˈħɔː] |
forgiveness |
|
|
/ṣaˈġῑru/ |
/ṣaˈġῑr/ [sˁɐˈɣiːɾ] |
צָˈעִיר [sˁɔːˈciːɾ] |
young,
small |
|
|
/qaˈṣῑru/ |
/qaˈṣῑr/ [kˁɐˈsˁiːɾ] |
קָˈצִיר [kˁɔːˈsˁiːɾ] |
harvest
crops |
|
|
/ʾạˈwῑlu/ |
/ʾạˈwῑl/ [ʔɐˈwiːl] |
אֱˈוִיל [ʔɛ̆ˈwiːl] |
foolish |
|
|
/ʾạˈlῑlu/ |
/ʾạˈlῑl/ [ʔɐˈliːl] |
אֱˈלִיל [ʔɛ̆ˈliːl] |
insignificant |
|
|
/bạˈdῑlu/ |
/bạˈdῑl/ [bɐˈdiːl] |
בְּˈדִיל [bәˈdiːl] |
tin
(metal) |
|
|
/bạˈrῑḥu/ |
/bạˈrῑḥ/ [bɐˈɾiːħ] |
בְּˈרִיחַ [bәˈɾiːɐħ] |
bolt,
bar |
|
|
/gạˈbῑru/ |
/gạˈbῑr/ [gɐˈbiːɾ] |
גְּˈבִיר [gәˈviːɾ] |
lord/master |
|
|
/dạˈbῑru/ |
/dạˈbῑr/ [dɐˈbiːɾ] |
דּˈְבִיר [dәˈviːɾ] |
Holy-of-holies |
|
|
/kạˈsῑlu/ |
/kạˈsῑl/ [kɐˈsiːl] |
כְּˈסִיל [kәˈsiːl] |
fool,
crazy |
|
|
/kạˈpῑru/ |
/kạˈpῑr/ [kɐˈpiːɾ] |
כְּˈפִיר [kәˈfiːɾ] |
half-grown
lion |
|
|
/mạˈḫῑru/ |
/mạˈḫῑr/ [mɐˈxiːɾ] |
מְˈחִיר [mәˈħiːɾ] |
price |
|
|
qatūl (Tiberian קׇטוּל) |
/bạtūˈlatu/ |
/bạtūˈlâ/ [bɐtuːˈlɐː] |
בְּתוּˈלָה [bәθuːˈlɔː] |
virgin |
|
/gạbūˈratu/ |
/gạbūˈrâ/ [gɐbuːˈɾɐː] |
גְּבוּˈרָה [gәvuːˈɾɔː] |
strength |
|
|
/cạˈṣūmu/ |
/cạˈṣūm/ [cɐˈsˁuːm] |
עָˈצוּם [cɔːˈsˁuːm] |
strong |
|
|
/šạmūˈcatu/ |
/šạmūˈcâ/ [ʃɐmuːˈcɐː] |
ֺשְמוּˈעָה [ʃәmuːˈcɔː] |
report |
|
|
qitāl (Tiberian קְטוֹל) |
/ʾịˈlōhu/ |
/ʾịˈlōh/ [ʔɪˈloːh]? [ʔɛˈloːh]? |
אֱˈלוֹהַּ [ʔɛ̆ˈloːɐh] |
god |
|
/ḥịˈgōru/ |
/ḥịˈgōr/ [ħɪˈgoːr] |
חֲˈגוֹר
[ħɐ̆ˈɣoːr] (fem. חֲגוˈֹרָה [ħɐ̆ɣoːˈrɔː]) |
belt |
|
|
/ḥịˈmōru/ |
/ḥịˈmōr/ [ħɪˈmoːɾ] |
חֲˈמוֹר [ħɐ̆ˈmoːɾ] |
donkey |
|
|
/zịˈrōcu/ |
/zịˈrōc/ [zɪˈɾoːc] |
זְˈרוֹעַ [zәˈɾoːɐc] |
arm |
|
|
/ṣịˈrōru/ |
/ṣịˈrōr/ [sˁɪˈɾoːɾ] |
צְˈרוֹר [sˁәˈɾoːɾ] |
bag |
|
|
/śịˈrōku/ |
/śịˈrōk/ [ɬɪˈɾoːk] |
שְֺˈרוֹךְ [sәˈɾoːx] |
sandal
lace |
|
|
qutāl (Tiberian קְטוֹל) |
/ʾụˈnōšu/ |
/ʾụˈnōš/ [ʔŭ ˈnoːʃ] |
אֱˈנוֹש [ʔɛ̆ˈnoːʃ] |
man |
|
/bụlōˈyῑma/ |
/bụlōˈyῑm/ [bʊlōˈyiːm] |
בְּˈלוֹי [bәˈloːy] [bәloːˈyiːm]) |
rags |
|
|
/buˈrāšu/ > |
/bụˈrōš/ [bʊˈɾoːʃ] |
בְּˈרוֹשׁ [bәˈɾoːʃ] |
juniper |
|
/lụbōˈnatu/ |
/lụbōˈnâ/ [lʊboːˈɐɔː] |
לְבוֹˈנָה [lәvoːˈnɔː] |
frankincense |
|
|
/rụˈḥōbu/ |
/rụˈḥōb/ [ɾʊˈħoːb] |
רְˈחוֹב [ɾәˈħoːv] |
plaza |
|
|
qitōl (Tiberian קְטוֹל) |
/ʾiˈzōru/? |
/ʾiˈzōr/? [ʔɪˈzoːɾ]? [ʔɛˈzoːɾ]? |
אֵˈזוֹר [ʔẹːˈzoːɾ] |
loin
cloth |
|
/ʾiˈpōdu/ |
/ʾiˈpōd/ [ʔɪˈpoːd]? [ʔɛˈpoːd]? |
אֵˈפוֹד [ʔẹːˈfoːð] |
ephod.
|
|
|
/ṣịˈrōru/ |
/ṣịˈrōr/ [sˁɪˈɾoːɾ] |
צְˈרוֹר [sˁәˈɾoːɾ] |
bag |
|
|
/tịˈhōmu/ |
/tịˈhōm/ [tɪˈhoːm] |
תְּˈהוֹם [tәˈhoːm] |
depths |
|
|
/tụʾōˈmῑma/ |
/tụʾōˈmῑm/ [tʊʔoːˈmiːm] |
תְּאוֹˈמִים [tәʔoːˈmiːm] |
twins |
|
|
qitūl (Tiberian קְטוּל) |
/zịˈbūlu/ |
/zịˈbūl/ [zɪˈbuːl] |
זְˈבוּל [zәˈvuːl] |
hill |
|
/zụˈbūbu/ |
/zụˈbūb/ [zʊˈbuːb] |
זְˈבוּב [zәˈvuːv] |
flies |
|
|
qutῑl (Tiberian קְטִיל) |
/ḫụzˈzῑru/ |
/ḫụzˈzῑr/ [xʊˈziːɾ] |
חֲˈזִיר [ħɐ̆ˈziːɾ] |
pig |
|
קְטוּל (originally |
/kịˈlūbu/ |
/kịˈlūb/ [kɪˈluːb] |
כְּˈלוּב [kәˈluːv] |
cage |
|
קְטוּל (originally prob. qutūl) |
/gụˈbūlu/ |
/gụˈbūl/ [gʊˈbuːl] |
גְּˈבוּל [gәˈvuːl] |
border |
|
/lụˈbūšu/ |
/lụˈbūš/ [lʊˈbuːʃ] |
לְˈבוּשׁ [lәˈvuːʃ] |
clothing |
5. Nouns (including adjectives)
based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.) Long First Short
Second Vowel in PH
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
qōtal < qātal (Tiberian קוֹטָֺל) |
/cōˈlamu/ |
/cōˈlaːm/ [coːˈlaːm] |
עוֹˈלָם [coːˈlɔːm] |
universe,
eternity |
|
qōtal
< qawtal (Tiberian קוֹטָֺל) |
/gawˈzalu/ |
/gawˈzaːl/ |
גּוֹˈזׇל [goːˈzɔːl] |
young
bird. |
|
/gawˈralu/ |
/gawˈraːl/ |
גּוֹˈרָל [goːˈɾɔːl] |
lot.
|
|
|
/kawˈkabu/ |
/kawˈkaːb/ |
כּוֹˈכָב [koːˈxɔːv] |
star.
|
|
|
/šawˈparu/ |
/šawˈpaːr/ |
שׁוֹˈפׇר [ʃoːˈfɔːɾ] |
horn (used as a wind instrument). |
|
|
/qāˈṭilu/ > /qōˈṭilu/ |
/qōˈṭeːl/ [kˁoːˈtˁẹːl] |
קֹˈטֵל [kˁoːˈtˁẹːl] |
killer/killing
(ms.) - abs. form |
|
|
/qāṭilu/ > /qōṭilu/ |
/qōˌṭil/ |
קֹˌטֵל [kˁoːˌtˁẹːl] |
killer
of- (ms.) - cstr. form |
|
|
/qāˈṭiltu/ > |
/qōˈṭilt/ [qoːˈtˁɪlt] > |
קֹˈטֶלֶת [kˁoːˈtˁɛːlɛθ] |
killer/killing
(fs.) |
|
|
/qāṭiˈlῑma/ > |
/qōṭiˈlῑm/ [kˁoːtˁɪˈliːm] |
קֹטְˈלִים [kˁoːtˁәˈliːm] |
killer/killing
(mp.) - abs. form |
|
|
/qōṭiˌlay/ |
/qōṭiˌlay/ [kˁoːtˁɪˌlɐy]? [kˁoːtˁɪˌlɛy]? |
קֹטְˌלֵי [kˁoːtˁәˌlẹː] |
killers
of- (ms.) - cstr. form. |
|
|
/qāṭiˈlātu/ > |
/qōṭiˈlōt/ [kˁoːtˁɪˈloːt] |
קֹטְˈלוֹת [kˁoːtˁәˈloːθ] |
killers/killing
(mp.) |
|
|
/yōˈšibu/ |
/yōˈšeːb/ [yoːˈʃẹːb] |
יֺˈשֵב [yoːˈʃẹːv] |
sitter/sitting
(ms.) |
|
|
/yōšịˈbatu/ |
/yōšịˈbâ/ [yoːʃɪˈbaː] |
יֺשְˈבָה [yoːʃәˈvɔː] |
sitter/sitting
(fs.) |
|
|
/yōˈšibtu/ |
/yōˈšibt/ [yoːˈʃɪbt] > |
יˈֺשֶבֶת [yoːˈʃɛːvɛθ] |
sitter/sitting
fs.) |
|
|
/kōˈhinu/ |
/kōˈheːn/ [koːˈhẹːn] |
כֺּˈהֵן [koːˈhẹːn] |
priest |
|
|
/ġōˈribu/ |
/ġōˈreːb/ [ɣoːˈɾẹːb] |
עֺˈרֵב [ʕoːˈɾẹːv] |
raven |
|
|
/qōˈhiltu/ |
/qōˈhilt/ [kˁoːˈhɪlt] > |
קֺˈהֶלֶת [kˁoːˈhɛːlɛθ] |
Koheleth.
|
|
|
/šōˈġiru/ |
/šōˈġeːr/ [ʃoːˈɣẹːɾ] etc. |
שׁוֹˈעִר [ʃoːˈʕẹːɾ] |
gatekeeper |
|
|
qilê < *qilī (Tiberian קֵלֶה ) |
/miˈcῑma/ |
/miˈcῑm/ |
מֵˈעִים [mẹːˈciːm] |
intestines.
|
|
/riˈḥaymi/ |
/riˈḥaym/ |
רֵˈחַיִם |
mill
stone. |
|
|
/riˈcayu/ |
/riˈcay/ > /riˈcê/ |
רֵˈעֶה [ɾẹːˈcɔː] |
friend.
|
|
|
qalê (root generally ל״א) (Tiberian קָלֶה ) |
/ḥaˈdiyu/ > |
/ḥaˈziyu/ > |
חָˈזֶה [ħɔːˈzɛː] |
chest |
|
/ṭaˈliyu/ |
/ṭaˈliy/ > /tˁaˈlê/ [tˁɐˈlẹː] |
טָˈלֶה [tˁɔˈlɛː] |
lamb.
|
|
|
/yaˈpiyu/[28] |
/yaˈpê/ [yɐˈpẹː] |
יָˈפֶה [yɔːˈfɛː] |
beautiful |
|
|
|
/maˈnê/ [mɐˈnẹː] |
מˈׇנֶה [mɔːˈzɛː] |
mina – measuring unit for precious
metals |
|
|
/naˈkiyu/ |
/naˈkê/ [nɐˈkẹː] |
נָˈכֶה [nɔːˈxɛː] |
lame |
|
|
/qaˈnayu /[29] |
/qaˈnê/ [kˁɐˈnẹː] |
קָˈנֶה [kˁɔːˈnɛː] |
reed |
|
|
|
/qaˈṣê/ [kˁɐˈsˁẹː] |
קָˈצֶה [kˁɔːˈsˁɛː] |
extremity |
|
|
|
/qaˈšê/ [kˁɐˈʃẹː] |
קָֺֺˈשֶה [kˁɔːˈʃɛː] |
hard |
|
|
|
/paˈnῑm/ [pɐˈniːm] |
פׇֺּˈנִים [pɔːˈniːm] |
face |
|
|
/śaˈdayu/[30] |
/śaˈdê/ [ɬɐˈdẹː] |
שָֺֺˈדֶה [sɔːˈðɛː] |
open
country, field General form |
|
|
|
/śaˈday/ [ɬɐˈdɐy] |
שָֺֺˈדַי [sɔːˈðɐy] |
open
country, field Form used in archaizing poetry |
|
|
|
/śadaˈyōtu/[31] |
/śadaˈyōt/ > |
שָֺˈדוֹת [sɔːˈðoːθ] |
fields |
6. Nouns (including adjectives)
based on Three Consonants having (in masc. sing.) Two Long Vowels
in PH and EBHP
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
(Tiberian קִיטוֹל) |
/kῑˈdōru/ |
/kῑˈdōr/ [kiːˈdoːɾ] |
כִּיˈדוֹר [kiːˈðoːɾ] |
uncertain
meaning |
|
/nῑˈḫōḫu/ |
/nῑˈḫōḫ/ [niːˈxoːx] |
נִיˈחֹחַ [kiːˈħoːɐħ] |
pleasantness |
|
|
/nῑˈṣōṣu/ |
/nῑˈṣōṣ/ [niːˈsˁoːsˁ] |
נִיˈצוֹץ [niːˈsˁoːsˁ] |
spark |
|
|
/ṣῑˈnōqu/ |
/ṣῑˈnōq/ [sˁiːˈnoːq] |
צִיˈנוֹק [sˁiːˈnoːq] |
something
bound up |
|
|
/qῑˈṭōru/ |
/qῑˈṭōr/ [kˁiːˈtˁoːɾ] |
קִיˈטוֹר [kˁiːˈtˁoːɾ] |
smoke |
|
|
/tῑˈrōšu/ |
/tῑˈrōš/ [tiːˈɾoːʃ] |
תִּיˈרוֹש [tiːˈɾoːʃ] |
must
(=unfermented or fermenting grape juice) |
7. Nouns (including adjectives)
based on Three Consonants the Second of which is geminated
having (in masc. sing.) Short First and Long Second Vowel
(See discussion here)
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
(Tiberian
קַטָּל) |
/dayˈya(ː)nu/ |
/dayˈyaːn/ [dɐyˈyɐːn] |
דַּˈיָּן [dɐyˈyɔːn] |
judge |
|
/ḫarˈra(ː)šu/ |
[xɐɾˈɾɐːʃ] |
חָˈרָשׁ [ħɔːˈɾɔːʃ] |
skilled workman |
|
|
/ganˈna(ː)bu / |
/ganˈnaːb/ [gɐnˈnɐːb] |
גַּˈנָּב [gɐnˈnɔːv] |
thief |
|
|
/baqqa(ː)ˈratu/ |
/baqqaˈrâ/ [bɐkˁkˁɐˈɾɐː] |
בַּקָּˈרָה [bɐ ˁkˁɔːˈɾɔː] |
care |
|
|
(Tiberian
קִטֵּל) Adjective
of defect or infirmity |
/ʾilˈlimu/[34] |
/ʾilˈleːm/ [ʔɪlˈlẹːm] |
אִˈלֵּם [ʔilˈlẹːm] |
dumb (= unable to speak) |
|
/gibˈbinu/ |
/gibˈbeːn/ [gɪbˈbẹːn] |
גִּˈבֵּן [gibˈbẹːn] |
hunchback |
|
|
/ḥirˈrišu/ |
/ḥirˈreːš/ [ħiɾˈɾẹːʃ] |
חֵˈרֵֺש [ħẹːˈɾẹːʃ] |
deaf |
|
|
/ciwˈwiru/ |
/ciwˈweːr/ [cɪwˈwẹːɾ] |
עִˈוֵּר [ciwˈwẹːɾ]
pl.
עִוְˈרִים [ciwˈɾiːm]) |
blind. |
|
|
/piqˈqiḥu/ |
/piqˈqeːḥ/ [pɪqˈqẹːħ] |
פִּˈקֵּחַ [piqˈqẹːɐħ] |
seeing |
|
|
/ciqˈqišu/ |
/ciqˈqeːš/ [cɪqˈqẹːʃ] |
עִˈקֵֺּש [ciqˈqẹːʃ] |
crooked |
|
|
(Tiberian
קַטֵּל) |
/dabˈbiru/ |
/dabˈbeːr/ [dɐbˈbẹːɾ] |
דַּˈבֵּר [dɐbˈbẹːɾ] |
infinitive construct of piel |
|
(Tiberian
קֻטַּל) |
/sulˈlamu/ |
/sulˈlaːm/ [sʊlˈlaːm] |
סֻˈלָּם [sulˈlɔːm] |
ladder |
8. Prepositions, Negatives, Adverbs, etc.
|
Forms |
Reconstructed Development to PH (up to c. 1000 BCE) |
(c. 850-550 BCE) |
(c. 850 BCE) |
Meaning/Comments |
|
/baˌly/ |
/ˌbaly/ > /biˌly/ (/EBHP?/) [bɪˌly]? [bɪˌlĭy]? > /biˌlî/ (/EBHP?/) |
בְּלִי [bәˈliː] |
without.
|
|
|
/balˈty/ |
/balˌty/ > /bilˌty/ (/EBHP?/) |
בִּלתִּי |
not.
|
|
|
/ˈmah/ |
[mɐh] |
ˈמָה [ˈmɔː] |
what? |
|
|
|
/ˈmiya/[36] |
/ˈmî/ |
ˈמִי |
who? |
|
/ʾiya/[37] |
/ʾiy/ > /ˌʾî/ [ˌʔiː] |
אִי |
none |
|
|
Adverbs, conjunctions, etc. |
|
Either /ˌcawd/ [ˌʕɔ̝wd] OR /cōd/ [ˌʕoːd] (assuming derivation /cād/ > /cōd/) |
עוֹד [ʕoːð] |
yet,
more. |
|
/cittã/ |
/ˌcitta(ː)/ [ˌʕɪttɐˑ] |
[38]עַתָּה [cɐtˈtɔː] (pausal ˈעָתָּה |
now |
|
|
/muʾd/ |
/ˌmuʾd/ [ˌmʊʔd] > /ˌmuːd/ [ˌmuːd] |
מְˈאֹד |
much.
Analogous to Will
use [ˈmʊʾd] in abs. and [ˌmuːd] in constr. in [EBHP]
transliterations |
|
|
/loː/[40] |
/ˌlô/ |
ˈלׂא |
not |
|
|
/zoːt/[41] |
/ˈzuʾt/ > /ˈzôt/ |
ˈזׂאת |
this
fs. |
Note also
Words
ending in Geminated Final Consonents in EBHP
Wat quality were
the Short Vowels in [EBHP]?
The
History of Some Word Forms in Hebrew
[2] Cf. Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Haywood and Nahmad 1965 chapt. 9.
[3] Cf. Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Haywood and Nahmad 1965 chapt. 4.
[4] Cf. Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Haywood and Nahmad 1965 chapt. 5.
[6]
Note,
in reconstructed [EBHP]
transliterations and sound files -
1.there is no spirantization
of the bgdkpt consonants;
2. .vowel qualities are outlined here;
3. I use the
most probable form. Where no one form stands out as most probable, I select the
one closest to the MT vocalization.
4. when multiple forms are possible, the form used is underlined.
[10] See Bergsträsser §17q; Blau
2010 §1.17.5; 3.5.12.2.9n.
[16] See Bergsträsser §17q; Blau
2010 §1.17.5.
[17] The pausal form reflects the stress pattern in BHA
phase 3.
[21] Beyer
1969 p. 65.
[23] Form with o̞ preferred due to affect of
vowel harmony.
[24] Manuel
1995 p. 127 note 338.
[26] See Joϋon-Muraoka
1991 § 88g.
[34] See Huehnergard
1992 pp. 223.
[36] "Perhaps miya ; contra TH mî (<< miya, Segert 1976 § 51.52 cf. Harris A Grammar of the Phoenician Language 1936 §16.3). As with ʾy ... normalization of the
Standard Phoenician pronoun is uncertain. Garr suggests miya
or mî .... The form also appears in Amarna Canaanite, mi-ya... in
which the first vowel may be long (i.e. mîya...). It is possible,
therefore, that the Standard Phoenician form could even be mîy. Manuel 1995 p. 124-125
note 310.
[37] "Perhaps ʾiya ; contra TH
ʾî. The Standard Phoenician form (ʾy) may originally
have been an interrogative, as in Ugaritic iy 'where' (Segert 1976 § 55.82), but the status of the vowel(s) is uncertain. The ugaritic
form seems to show heterogeneous diphthong contraction (=ʾēyē,
so Gordon 1965 §12.4) despite gemination of
the semivowel (Segert 1976 § 55.5). If
the Standard Phoenician adverb is related, then both its vowels may already be
long, which would account for the continued presence of the final phoneme after
short vowel
apocope." Manuel
1995 p. 124 note 308.
[39] The pausal form reflects the stress pattern in BHA
phase 3 - see Blau 1972 p. 85.
[40] But see Andersen
1999 p. 6.
[41] But see Andersen
1999 pp. 6-8.